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Employee Profile

Knut Sogner

Professor - Department of Law and Governance

Biography

I am professor of economic history at BI Norwegian Business School, and have written extensively on Norwegian businesses including companies like Tandberg, Nycomed, Simrad, the Kongsberg Group, Elkem and Orkla, as well as wealthy entrepreneurial families like Andresen, Kiær and Solberg. I have taken a particular interest in innovation and entrepreneurship when it comes to the economy, but have increasingly moved my attention to the people behind them: business leaders, engineers, as well as families. I hope to continue to study people in Norway and to take a grasp on people over time to include more ordinary people as well as the business elite. I am also interested in comparative corporate governance. In a career that has gone on for a while, and that at the outset was pretty international in oulook, I am reemerging from the depth of Norwegian-language comissioned works and demanding administrative tasks to participate in international economic and business historical debates. With an eye for my Norwegian situatedness, of course. Now being located at the Department of Law and Governance I have started to look into legal history. Here is a list of my most recent publications, all of them in English:

2021 16. Redaktør (sammen med Andrea Colli): The Emergence of Corporate Governance: People, Power & Performance, London: Routledge 2022 17. Norway’s Pharmaceutical Revolution. Pursuing and Accomplishing Innovation in Nyegaard & Co. 1945-1997, Oxford University Press Artikler i tidsskrifter med fagfellevurdering 1993 17. Nations, clusters and culture. Nycomed and world leadership in the field of x-ray contrast media, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 3, 1993, pp. 209-220; 1996 18. A Pharmaceutical Innovation. Business Environment and Scientific Endeavor in Nyegaard & Co, History & Technology, Vol. 13, 2, pp. 115-131; 1997 19. Recent trends in business history, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1, 1997; pp. 58- 69; 20. The double meaning of vitamins, Scandinavian Journal of History, 3, 1997, pp. 187-198; 2002 21. Det norske næringsborgerskapet under den andre industrielle revolusjon, Historisk Tidsskrift, 2-3, 2002 2007 22. The fall and rise of the Norwegian IT industry in the global age, Business History Review, Winter 2007, volume 81, issue 4 2009 23. Innovation as Adaptation: The Digital Challenge in the Norwegian Fishing Industry, 1970–1985, Business History Review, Summer 2009, volume 83, issue 2 2021 24. Creating and Protecting paths. Learning in an entrepreneurial state, Enterprise and Society, first view 2023 25. Hvor går arbeiderhistorien? Arbeiderhistorie, 1/2023 Andre artikler, kapitler 1994 26. Ny teknologi i gammel næring. Staten og Simrad i samvirke 1945-1960, i Olav Wicken (red.), Elektronikk-entreprenørene, Oslo: AdNotam Gyldendal 1994, s. 63-74; 27. Utviklingsfondet og elektronikkindustrien. Industriell planlegging i norsk sammenheng, i Wicken op.cit., s. 109-124; 28. Tandbergs Radiofabrikk og norsk radioindustris vekst og fall, i Wicken op.cit., s. 213-227; 29. The Norwegian Consumer Electronics Industry: The rise and fall of Tandberg, i Rolv Petter Amdam og Even Lange (ed.), Crossing the Borders. Studies in Norwegian Business History, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1994, pp. 111-130; 1995 30. Hva kan vi lære av norsk intelligensindustris utvikling?, i Norges Forskningsråd, Kultur og samfunn: Sysselsetting og arbeidsledighet. Rapport fra forsker-brukerkonferanse 13. og 14. juni 1994, Oslo: Norges Forskningsråd 1995, s. 139-158; 1996 31. (Sammen med Even Lange): Industriell omstrukturering i historisk perspektiv, i Olav R. Spilling (red.), Perspektiver på næringsutvikling. Handelshøyskolen BIs årbok 1997, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget 1996, s 9-24; 1998 32. Norwegian capitalists and the fertilizer business. The case of Hafslund and the Odda- process, i Anthony S. Travis, Harm G. Schröter, Ernst Homburg and Peter J.T. Morris, Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900-1939: New Technologies, Political Frameworks, Markets, and Companies, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 239-256; 33. Småfolk i stor verden. Nycomed, Norge og globaliseringen av farmasøytisk industri, Henrik Glimstedt og Even Lange (red.), Globalisering – drivkrefter og konsekvenser.BIs årbok 1998, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget 1998, pp. 79-92; 2000 34. Norsk vininteresse i historisk perspektiv, Vinforum, 1, 2000 35. Norsk vininteresse i historisk perspektiv, Historie, 4, 2000 2001 36. Plankeadel – en storeiende families vekst og fall, Magma, 6, 2001 2002 37. (Sammen med Rolv Petter Amdam), The Diffusion of American Organisational Models to Norwegian Industries, 1945-1970, i: Matthias Kipping and Nick Tiratsoo, Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: Business, Culture, Politics, Volume 2, Lille: Centre d'Histoire de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest, Université Charles de Gaulle 2003 38. Makt over beslutningene. Norske storbedrifter gjennom 100 år, i Christensen, Espeli, Larsen og Sogner op.cit., 54 s. 39. Den norske IT-industrien fra krise til vekst 1975-2002, i Helge Godø (red.), IKT etter dotcom- boblen, Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk 2004 40. The Rise and Fall of State Information Technology Planning – or how Norwegian Planners Became Captains of Industry 1960-1990, i: Richard Coopey (Ed.), Information Technology Policy – An International History, Oxford University Press 2005 41. Mineraler og metallurgiske metoder, i: Astrid Wale og Anne Kristine Børresen, Vitenskap og teknologi for samfunnet? Bergfagene som kunnskapsfelt, Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag 2006 42. Lederkapitalisme og eierkapitalisme. Energiselskapet Hafslund formes, i: Fredrik Engelstad, Even Lange, Helge Pharo og Erik Rudeng (red.), Demokratisk konservatisme. Frihet, fremskritt, fred. Festskrift til Francis Sejersted, Oslo: Pax forlag 2007 43. Utvikling av næringssystemer – systemtilnærminger i et historisk perspektiv, i: Olav Spilling (red.), Kunnskap, næringsutvikling og innovasjonspolitikk, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget 44. Næringspolitikkens betydning for fremveksten av norsk elektronikk- og IT-industri, i Spilling op.cit. 2008 45. Changing transnational affections. Orkla, Elkem and Norwegian big business 1960-2004, i: Harm Schröter (ed.), The European Enterprise. Historical Investigation into a Future Species, Springer Verlag 46. Constructive power. Elkem 1904-2004, i: Susanna Fellman, Martin iversen, Hans Sjøgren, Lars Thue: Creating Nordic Capitalism, PalgraveMacMillan 2009 47. Slow growth and revolutionary change. The Norwegian IT-industry enters the global age, 1970-2005, in Jan Fagerberg, David Mowery, Bart Verspagen: Innovation, Path Dependency and Policy: The Norwegian Case, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012 48. Ancestor or Inheritor? Johan H. Andresen (1888–1953) and his Capitalist Family, in: Anders Perlinge & Hans Sjögren: Biographies of the Financial World, Gidlunds förlag 2014 49. Hvem var forretningsmennene?, i: Espen Ekberg, Mikael Lønnborg og Christine Myrvang (red.), Næringsliv og historie, Oslo: Pax 2014 2015 50. Koreansk oversettelse av «Creative Power, i: Susanna Fellman, Martin Iversen, Hans Sjøgren, Lars Thue: Creating Nordic Capitalism. The Business History of a Competitive Periphery 51. (Sammen med Jari Ojala) Re-collaborating in the Nordic economic history research community, introduksjon, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 3, 2015 2016 52. Business history and innovation, i: Joerg Baten, A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 53. Ressursbedrifter og naturressurser, i: Knut Sogner, Einar Lie og Håvard Brede Aven: Entreprenørskap i næringsliv og politikk. Festskrift til Even Lange, Oslo: Novus forlag 2018 54. Creativity, Innovation, and the Production of Wealth, kapittel i: E. Heath, B. Kaldis, A. Marcoux (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Business Ethics, London: Routledge. 2021 55. (sammen med Andrea Colli): Introduction, i: Knut Sogner og Andrea Colli, The Emergence of Corporate Governance: People, Power & Performance, London: Routledge 56. The Rise and Fall of Managerial Capitalism in Norway, 1895-1940, i: Knut Sogner og Andrea Colli, The Emergence of Corporate Governance: People, Power & Performance, London: Routledge 2023 57. (forthcoming) Academics as teachers of business responsibility? Historians, philosophers, and the maturation of the young minds within Norwegian business schools, in: Bjørn Terje Asheim, Thomas Lauvdal and Reidar J. Mykletun, Practicing responsibility in business schools: Implications for teaching, research and innovation, Edvard Elgar

Area of Expertise

Publications

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Academics as teachers of business responsibility? Historians, philosophers, and the maturation of the young minds within Norwegian business schools

Asheim, Bjørn Terje; Laudal, Thomas & Mykletun, Reidar J. (red.). Practicing responsibility in business schools : Implications for teaching, research, and innovation

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Norway’s Pharmaceutical Revolution. Pursuing and Accomplishing Innovation in Nyegaard & Co. 1945-1997

Oxford University Press.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

The Rise and Fall of Managerial Capitalism in Norway, 1895-1940

Sogner, Knut & Colli, Andrea (red.). The Emergence of Corporate Governance: People, Power & Performance

Sogner, Knut & Colli, Andrea (2021)

The Emergence of Corporate Governance: People, Power & Performance

Routledge.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Creating and Protecting paths. Learning in an entrepreneurial state

Enterprise & Society Doi: 10.1017/eso.2021.54 - Full text in research archive

This paper discusses how a Norwegian entrepreneurial state has performed over more than seventy years, based on an analysis of state involvement in Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk/the Kongsberg Group from 1945 and to 2015. Mariana Mazzucato has argued that bold technological investments by the state has long-term beneficial effects. The development of the Kongsberg companies adds nuance to this picture. On the one hand, the defense company Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk failed as a company in 1987 and was unbundled into a number of new companies independent of one another. On the other hand, some of the successor companies have been very successful, both in the oil and gas sector and within defense. Taking the defense and oil and gas company the Kongsberg Group as a case, this paper argues that a new style of entrepreneurial state developed in the 1990s and that it proved very successful. The old entrepreneurial state was heavy-handed, bold, and very long-term in its aims; the new entrepreneurial state was cautious, many-headed, and worked through the management of the company. The new entrepreneurial state combined state ownership, stock listing, and procurement considerations and was supported by both the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Defense. This new governance structure facilitated a stable corporation that over time integrated other Norwegian maritime electronics companies, which themselves had a checkered history under the old entrepreneurial state. A new corporate governance regime emerged and managed both to protect old and established product lines and to facilitate innovation both in defense and maritime electronics.

Sogner, Knut (2018)

Creativity, innovation, and the production of wealth

Heath, Eugene; Kaldis, Byron & Marcoux, Alexei (red.). The Routledge Companion to Business Ethics

This chapter offers an historic introduction to the broad field of innovation studies with an eye towards ethical matters. Four fundamental issues are highlighted. In the first section, I delineate how the concept of innovation has little place within the framework of standard economic models, yet innovation is crucial to the total economy. In the second section, I take up some theoretical approaches, emerging in the 1980s, that construe the phenomena of innovation as occurring within specific circumstances. This is the “interactive” approach. In the subsequent section, I focus on how innovation has been seen, by some, to be institutionalized within the large corporation or, in other cases, within clusters of small companies or even the nation state, noting as well how some scholars have argued for cultural or ethical frameworks as catalysts of innovation. In the final section, I canvas some of the debate as to whether or why innovation has failed to return economic growth to the wealthy nations.

Sogner, Knut (2016)

Ressursbedrifter og naturressurser

Sogner, Knut; Lie, Einar & Aven, Håvard Brede (red.). Entreprenørskap i næringsliv og politikk. Festskrift til Even Lange

Sogner, Knut; Lie, Einar & Aven, Håvard Brede (2016)

Entreprenørskap i næringsliv og politikk. Festskrift til Even Lange

Novus Forlag.

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Constructive power

Fellman, Susanna; Iversen, Martin Jes, Sjøgren, Hans & Lars, Thue (red.). Creating Nordic Capitalism (Korean translation)

Sogner, Knut (2014)

Hvem var forretningsmennene?

Ekberg, Espen; Lønnborg, Mikael & Myrvang, Christine (red.). Næringsliv og historie

Sogner, Knut & Petersen, Tine (2014)

Strategiske samspill: Kongsberg Gruppens historie 1987-2014

Pax Forlag.

Sogner, Knut (2012)

Ancestor or Inheritor? Johan H. Andresen (1888-1963) and his capitalist family

Perlinge, Anders & Sjøgren, Hans (red.). Biographies of the Financial World

Sogner, Knut (2012)

Andresens. En familie i norsk økonomi og samfunnsliv gjennom to hundre år

Pax Forlag.

Sogner, Knut (2009)

Innovation as Adaptation: The Digital Challenge in the Norwegian Fishing Industry, 1970-1985

Business History Review, 83(2), s. 349- 367.

Sogner, Knut (2009)

Slow growth and revolutionary change : the Norwegian IT industry enters the global age, 1970-2005

Fagerberg, Jan; Mowery, David & Verspagen, Hubertus (red.). Innovation, path dependency and policy. The Norwegian case

Sogner, Knut (2008)

Constructive power. Elkem 1904-2004

Susanna Fellman, Martin Iversen, Hans Sjøgren, Lars Thue (eds): Creating the Nordic Model of Capitalism

Sogner, Knut (2008)

Changing transnational affections. Orkla, Elkem and Norwegian big business 1960-2004

Harm Schröter (ed.), The European Enterprise. Historical Investigation into a Future Species

Sogner, Knut (2007)

Næringspolitikkens betydning for fremveksten av norsk elektronikk- og IT-industri

Olav Spilling (red.), Kunnskap, næringsutvikling og innovasjonspolitikk

Sogner, Knut (2007)

Utvikling av næringssystemer - systemtilnærminger i et historisk perspektiv

Olav Spilling (red.), Kunnskap, næringsutvikling og innovasjonspolitikk

Sogner, Knut (2007)

The Fall and Rise of the Norwegian IT Industry in the Global Age, 1970-2005

Business History Review, 81(Winter), s. 709- 734.

Sogner, Knut (2006)

Lederkapitalisme og eierkapitalisme. Energiselskapet Hafslund formes

Fredrik Engelstad, Even Lange, Helge Pharo og Erik Rudeng (red.), Demokratisk konservatisme. Frihet, fremskritt, fred. Festskrift til Francis Sejersted

Sogner, Knut (2005)

Mineraler og metallurgiske metoder

Astrid Wale og Anne Kristine Børresen: Vitenskap og teknologi for samfunnet? Bergfagene som kunnskapsfelt

Sogner, Knut (2004)

The Rise and Fall of State Information Technology Planning ? or how Norwegian Planners Became Captains of Industry 1960-1990

Richard Coopey (ed.): Information Technology Policy ? An International History

Sogner, Knut (2004)

Gruveselskapet 1654-1973

Bergh, Espelig, Sogner: Brytningstider. Storselskapet Orkla 1654-2004

Sogner, Knut (2003)

Den norske IT-industrien fra krise til vekst 1975-2002

Helge Godø (red.): IKT etter dotcom-boblen

Amdam, Rolv Petter; Sogner, Knut, Kipping, Matthias & Tiratsoo, Nick (2002)

The Diffusion of American Organisational Models to Norwegian Industries 1945-1970

Americanisation in the 20th Century: Business, Culture, Politics

Sogner, Knut (2002)

Det norske næringsborgerskapet under den andre industrielle revolusjon

Historisk Tidsskrift (Norge), 81, s. 231- 251.

Christensen, Sverre & Sogner, Knut (2001)

Treforedlingsbedriften Dubrowka

Plankeadel. Kiær- og Solberg-familien under den 2. industrielle revolusjon

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Plankeadel - en storeiende families vekst og fall

?

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Blandingsøkonomien omorganiseres. Fra plan til marked

Amdam, Gran, Hansen, Sogner (red.): Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Schumpeter og den kreative kapitalismen

Amdam, Gran, Hansen, Sogner (red.): Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

Sogner, Knut (1998)

Småfolk i stor verden. Nycomed, Norge og globaliseringen av farma- søytisk industri

Globalisering - drivkrefter og konsekvenser. BI årbok 1998

Sogner, Knut; Travis, Anthony S., Morris, Peter, Schröter, Harm G. & Homburg, Ernst (1998)

Norwegian capitalist and the fertilizer business. The case of Hafslund and the Odda process

Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900-1939: New Technologies, Political Frameworks, Markets and Companies

Sogner, Knut & Amdam, Rolv Petter (1998)

Mellomkrigstiden - markedsøkonomien i krise

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling - et kompendium

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Behov for samfunnssyn på BI

Dagens næringsliv [Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Norge er et av verdens ledende laboratorier for vellykket, aktiv industripolitikk – og for mislykket

Dagens næringsliv [Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Francis Sejersted (1936-2015)

Minervanett [Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Kongsbergmodellen

Dagens næringsliv [Kronikk]

Myrvang, Christine & Sogner, Knut (2014)

En god jubileumsstory

Dagens næringsliv [Kronikk]

Jari, Ojala & Sogner, Knut (1)

Re-collaborating in the Nordic economic history research community

Scandinavian Economic History Review [Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Commentator session in European Business History Association's Conference, Oslo, August 25

[Academic lecture]. European Business History Conference.

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Kommentar til Jan Myhres Den norske modellen blir til, Oslo: Dreyer 2022, på UiOs avslutningskonferanse for prosjektet om Norden

[Academic lecture]. Sluttseminar Norden-prosjektet til UiO.

Sogner, Knut (2023)

A disrupting strategic metal. The Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II

[Academic lecture]. Business History Conference.

Sogner, Knut (2023)

A disrupting strategic metal. The Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II,

[Academic lecture]. Vinterlekene.

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Hvor går arbeiderhistorien?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Arbeiderhistorie, 37(1), s. 173- 174. Doi: 10.18261/arbeiderhistorie.37.1.12

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Hvem tjener på innovasjon?

[Popular scientific article]. Forskningspolitikk

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Too big too survive, third version

[Academic lecture]. Nordiska historikermøtet 2022.

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Too big too survive II

[Academic lecture]. World Economic History Congress.

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Too big too survive I, paper presentert på Historiedagene, Bergen, 24.-26. juni

[Academic lecture]. Historiedagene.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

A national aluminium strategy diverted. Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II

[Academic lecture]. Svenska Ekonomisk-Historiska Dagane.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

A national aluminium strategy diverted. Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II, presented at aluminium session

[Academic lecture]. World Congress of Business History, Nagoya, Japan.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Materialism and Economic History, innlegg på dr. gradskurset Materialism – Research School in History, May 26, Handelshøyskolen BI

[Academic lecture]. Doctoral seminar.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

En nasjonal aluminiumstrategi på avveie: Tom Fearnley og møtet med den tyske okkupasjonen

[Academic lecture]. Historiedagene.

Sogner, Knut (2019)

Bankrupted in the Baltic. The Fall of Norwegian Leadership in the Nordic Wood Industry 1910-28

[Academic lecture]. Economic History Meeting.

Sogner, Knut (2019)

Bankrupted in the Baltic. The Fall of Norwegian Leadership in the Nordic Wood Industry 1910-28

[Academic lecture]. European Business History Association.

Sogner, Knut (2019)

Bankrupted in the Baltic. The Fall of Norwegian Leadership in the Nordic Wood Industry 1910-28

[Academic lecture]. Business History Conference.

Sogner, Knut (2018)

All in the family. The rise and fall of managerial capitalism in Norway, 1895—1940

[Academic lecture]. The European Business History Association Annual meeting.

Sogner, Knut (2018)

All in the family. The rise and fall of managerial capitalism in Norway, 1895—1940

[Academic lecture]. World Economic History Congress.

Petersen, Tine & Sogner, Knut (2017)

Fremveksten av systemkompetanse i Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk

[Academic lecture]. Norske historiedager.

Sogner, Knut (2017)

Corporate strategy as obstacle. Nycomed and the fate of innovation in a commercial culture 1981—1994

[Academic lecture]. Annual EBHA conference.

Sogner, Knut & malonæs, tine (2017)

Fremveksten av systemkompetanse i Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk

[Academic lecture]. Historiedagene.

Sogner, Knut (2016)

In the shadow of Silicon Valley. The large corporation as solution to the challenges of a small IT agglomeration

[Academic lecture]. World Congress of Business History.

Sogner, Knut (2016)

Business History and Innovation

Joerg, Baten (red.). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Corporate Capabilities vs. Systems of innovation: How firms in Norway got to be innovative

[Academic lecture]. World Economic History Congress.

Sogner, Knut (2015)

From national strategy to business opportunities: Reaping the benefits of Norwegian military R&D 1945—2015

[Academic lecture]. “R&D de defense et innovation”.

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Building dynamic capabilities. The Kongsberg Group 1987—2014

[Academic lecture]. The Silicon Valley-Kongsberg workshop.

Hansen, Svein Olav; Amdam, Rolv Petter Storvik, Sogner, Knut & Gran, Haakon Herman (2005)

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

[Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget.

Amdam, Rolv Petter; Gran, Haakon, Hansen, Svein Olav & Sogner, Knut (2005)

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Bergh, Trond; Espeli, Harald & Sogner, Knut (2004)

Brytningstider. Storselskapet Orkla 1654-2004

[Scientific book]. Orion forlag.

Sogner, Knut (2003)

Skaperkraft. Elkem gjennom 100 år 1904-2004

[Scientific book]. Messel forlag.

Christensen, Sverre; Espeli, Harald, Larsen, Eirinn & Sogner, Knut (2003)

Kapitalistisk demokrati?

[Scientific book]. Gyldendal Akademisk.

Sogner, Knut (2002)

En liten brikke i et stort spill. Den norske IT-industrien fra krise til vekst 1975-2000

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Plankeadel : Kiær og Solbergfamilien under den 2. industrielle revolusjon/... med bidrag av Sverre A. Christensen

[Scientific book]. Andresen & Butenschøn AS.

Amdam, Rolv Petter; Gran, Haakon, Hansen, Svein Olav & Sogner, Knut (2001)

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Sogner, Knut (2000)

Norsk vininteresse i historisk perspektiv

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Vinforum

Academic Degrees
Year Academic Department Degree
1996 University of Oslo Ph.D Dr. Philos.
Work Experience
Year Employer Job Title
2001 - Present BI Norwegian Business School Professor
2011 - 2016 BI Norwegian Business School Head of Department
1997 - 2001 BI Norwegian Business School Associate Professor
1991 - 1997 BI Norwegian Business School Researcher
1990 - 1991 University of Oslo, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture Research Fellow

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