Petter Gottschalk

Gottschalk, Petter (2025)

Research Perspectives on White-Collar and Corporate Crime Convenience - Motives, Opportunities, and Attitudes

Ethics International Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2025)

Corruption, Criminal Justice, and Compliance in Sport - The Case of the International Biathlon Union

Routledge.

Career resilience is critical to the world's aging workforce, aiding older workers in adapting to the ever-evolving nature of work. While ageist stereotypes often depict older workers as less resilient when faced with workplace changes, existing research studies offer conflicting evidence on whether older age hinders or improves career resilience. In response to this conflicting evidence, the present study employs multi-level data from 6772 employees in 28 countries to examine the age-career resilience relationships and underlying mechanisms, hence advancing our understanding of career resilience across the life course. By integrating macro-contextual factors such as the unemployment rate and the culture of education with individual-level mechanisms such as positive career meaning and career optimism, we provide a comprehensive model explaining how career resilience varies across age groups. Grounded in life course theory, our findings resolve prior inconsistencies in resilience research, contribute to bridging the micro-macro gap in HRM literature, and challenge existing age-based stereotypes.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2025)

Economic Crime and Conceptions of Trust - Offender Convenience by Organizational Opportunity

Palgrave Macmillan.

Kamaei, Maryam; Gottschalk, Petter & Dearden, Thomas (2025)

The Gender Gap in White-Collar Crime - A Multi-Country Study of Women Offenders in Economic Crime

Apple Academic Press.

In recent years, women’s involvement in business is more frequent, leading to an interesting question: Does this increase in economic participation by women lead to an increased proportion of women committing white-collar crime? Employing a variety of theoretical perspectives and empirical works to explain women’s white-collar crimes from an international perspective, this new book helps to answer this question by extensively studying white collar crime, focusing on the disparity in such crimes between men and women. It also looks at how pink collar crime differs dramatically in different countries, with case studies from countries such as Norway, US, Iran, Denmark, and others to further enhance the understanding of the explained concepts. The volume offers a specific focus on the convenience theory, an integrated theory created by Dr. Petter Gottschalk, one of the authors of this book, to explain general white-collar crime. With authors geographically located around the world, adding an international focus, and given the diverse participation of women in economic systems around the world, the volume also focuses on crimes of convenience in cybercrime by considering the importance of gender in the history of internet crime and the relationship between cybercrime and white-collar crime. The authors also suggest potential paths for future gender research on women in white-collar crime and convenience theory.

Gottschalk, Petter (2025)

White Collar Crime

Ritzer, George (red.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Reflective insight article: What do sport journalists report on most from a corruption trial

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 11(1), s. 132- 149.

This reflective article presents a case study of journalists in the media reporting from the trial against the former president of the International Biathlon Union. The main corruption charges against the former president were concerned with a car made available to him free of charge by a sponsor of biathlon, exclusive hunting trips paid for by a marketing firm, valuable watches given to him by biathlon organizers, and prostitutes offered to him by Russian biathlon officials. In terms of monetary value, the most valuable bribe was the car, and the least valuable bribe was sex work. Yet findings of this case study showed that the sport journalists preferred to write numerous articles about the alleged access to prostitutes. Fifty-nine major news reports reviewed in the presented research form the basis for this conclusion. Potentially long prison sentences, money involved, and famous defendants are some of the characteristics when selecting and reporting from white-collar crime cases. The findings of this case study support this claim.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Exploring the Complexities of Criminal Justice

IGI Global.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Corporate Internal Fraud Investigations – Empirical Reviews of Examination Maturity

Ethics International Press.

Urzică, Andreea-Luciana & Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Convenience propositions for white-collar offenders - Perceptions of seriousness in Romania

Journal of Economic Criminology, 5, s. 1- 11. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100083 - Full text in research archive

Perception of white-collar crime seriousness varies from unfortunate incidents that can be excused to a major crime that needs harsh punishment. Students at a university in Romania were asked about their perceptions of seriousness. On a scale from 1 (not serious) to 7 (extremely serious) most students responded by very serious (6) on most questionnaire items. Responses indicate that individual greed to benefit the person is the most serious, while a rational choice of crime is the least serious. This study concludes that students consider white-collar crime to be less serious when people involved use financial wrongdoings as a last resort to avoid personal/organizational bankruptcy. they seem more indulgent when financial crime is a result of omission/concealment of criminal activity.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2024)

Categories of white-collar offenders based on the theory of convenience

Journal of Forensic Practice, 26(4), s. 1- 10. Doi: 10.1108/JFP-04-2024-0014 - Full text in research archive

Purpose This paper aims to make a contribution to the offender-based perspective when researching white-collar and corporate crime. Previously, the offender-based perspective has emphasized general characteristics of actors such as social and occupational status, respectability and power. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents categories of offender types in their roles when offending. Findings Based on the theory of convenience with 14 convenience propositions along three dimensions, it is possible to identify eight offender categories. Research limitations/implications Alternative theories for identification of offender categories might be applied in future research to compare with categories presented in this paper based on convenience theory. Practical implications These offender categories are labeled opportunist, illusionist, manipulator, ignorer, defender, reactionist, rescuer and controller. Social implications The offender-bases rather than the offence-based perspective is needed to increase law enforcement understanding of white-collar and corporate crime. Originality/value When researchers study the extent of seriousness of white-collar and corporate crime in the future, it is suggested that they use such labels to distinguish between serious and less serious offenders.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Partners in crime - Convenience case study of Norwegian publishing cartel

Journal of Economic Criminology, 5, s. 1- 7. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100078 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience addresses white-collar and corporate crime. The theory is applied in this article to a case study of Norwegian publishing houses having to pay infringement fees because of competition act violation. Cartel members agreed and coordinated a boycott of a distribution channel. This article reviews the research literature on cartels before presenting the convenience case study. Combatting cartels is a matter of reducing the attractiveness and convenience of joining cartels. Guardianship, oversight, and controls are at the core of reducing deviance convenience. Detection is an element of oversight. However, detection is rare, as this case illustrated by email sent by mistake. Combatting cartels is a matter of control at the top of organizations where typically each chief executive officer (CEO) is involved. Therefore, the corporate compliance officer should never report to the CEO but rather to the chairperson on the board and to the external auditor.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Economic crime in the courtroom - A case of defense lawyers' arguments against prosecution evidence

Journal of Economic Criminology, 5 Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100085 - Full text in research archive

A defendant in criminal court should only be convicted if guilt is proven by the prosecution beyond any reasonable doubt. That is the burden of proof. Any doubt emerging should benefit the defendant. In this perspective, evidence from police investigations is challenged by defense lawyers to create sufficient doubt so that the defendant can be acquitted. In the current case study regarding prosecution of the former president at the International Biathlon Union, this article reviews defense lawyers’ attempts to create sufficient doubt regarding corruption to cause acquittal of the defendant. Evidence from police investigation in Austria and Norway ended up in competing narratives of the prosecution and the defense with the metaphor of the courtroom as a theater scene. In a policing and criminology perspective, this research is important as it documents the space of knowledge rivalry between prosecution and defense depending on the extent of convincing power found in the evidence that is resulting from police investigations.

Abdullah, Azwan; Gottschalk, Petter, Gupta, Chander Mohan, Kamaei, Maryam, Stadler, William & Urzică, Andreea-Luciana (2024)

Perceptions of offender motives, opportunities and willingness for financial crime: an empirical analysis of survey responses in six nations

Journal of Financial Crime, s. 1- 14. Doi: 10.1108/JFC-03-2024-0097 - Full text in research archive

Purpose: This study aims to identify perceptions of financial crime among students in six different countries. Design/methodology/approach: Survey research was conducted among students in India, Iran, Malaysia, Norway, Romania and the USA to compare the ranking of perceptions. Findings: The following three propositions for financial crime had most agreement among respondents: lack of oversight and guardianship, legitimate access to resources and heroic offender status. Research limitations/implications: Scholars involved in various countries conducted survey research at different points in time with little knowledge of each other’s survey populations and response rates. Practical implications: Crime convenience and, thus, attractiveness can be addressed by focusing on propositions finding the strongest agreement in the surveys. Social implications: Agreement and lack of agreement indicate priorities in fighting financial crime. Originality/value: The diversity of nations involved in survey research makes this study interesting.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Corporate Conformance in Practice - Maintaining the Social License to Operate

Ethics International Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Crisis Management - Recovering the Social License by Corporate Conformance

Oxford University Press.

Crisis Management: Recovering the Social License by Corporate Conformance expands the literature on crisis management by drawing on criminological concepts such as individual and corporate deviance by misconduct convenience. Gottschalk discusses a variety of crisis management situations, and crisis management readiness is emphasized. The theory of convenience suggests that deviance is caused by motive of possibilities or threats, opportunity to commit and conceal, and willingness for deviant behaviour depending on convenience orientation. The social license to operate that refers to the extent of stakeholder acceptance of business operations can be recovered in a crisis situation: this book describes the crisis management and strategies that should be employed when the social license has been violated.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2024)

Corporate Crisis Recovery - Managing Organizational Deviance, Reputation, and Risk

Palgrave Macmillan.

The principal aim of Corporate Crisis Recovery: Managing Organizational Deviance, Reputation, and Risk is to complement and expand criminological discourse on the concept of the social license to operate as a means of influencing the behaviour of corporations. In recent years, the wide-spanning consequences of some very public globalized corporate crises – including fiscal and environmental impact, staff retention, and organizational survival – have led to a growing body of research on crisis perception and responsive strategic management. Developments that position corporate crisis recovery as an anticipated requirement of visible compliance to normalized and anticipated standards of ethical practice and business conduct. Utilizing convenience theory to illustrate how corporations, and the individuals therein, are able to lose, repair, and recover the corporate license to operate after corruption and scandal, the book develops to evaluate the responses of the public and criminal justice process to serious reputational damage and substantial breach of trust.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2024)

The Internal Review of Corporate Deviance - Managing Crisis, Conformance, and Public Trust

Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter).

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2024)

Understanding Business Offenders - A Comparative Analysis of Workplace Deviance, Convenience and Control

Berghahn Books.

Focusing on understanding business offenders through an exploration of workplace deviance and crime, this book closely examines a number of illustrative contemporary case studies and underpins the analysis of original comparative fieldwork, with an interdisciplinary approach, which informs, develops, and augments the existing literature on white-collar criminology. The book contends, inter alia, that the traditional centrality of the individual actor within narratives of white-collar offending has receded somewhat in recent years despite being a founding artifact within its late twentieth- century discourse, and that therefore a detailed reassessment is overdue.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Content analysis of press releases from the Norwegian serious fraud office: what do the messages say about focal concerns?

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, s. 1- 16. Doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2024-0031 - Full text in research archive

Purpose: This article reviews 69 press releases published by the Norwegian Økokrim from June 2022 to November 2023. The presented research applies the theory of focal concerns to identify the main themes in the press releases. Design/methodology/approach: Serious fraud offices such as the Norwegian national authority for investigation and prosecution of economic and environmental crime (Økokrim) are facing many challenges when combating white-collar and corporate crime. Press releases represent an element of facing such challenges, as the messages are an important vehicle for the organization to disclose organizational activities to the public. Findings: Three themes emerged: offender conviction, impression management and crime deterrence. Offender prosecution followed by offender conviction is at the core of Økokrim's business. Impression management serves the purpose of emphasizing the important role of the national authority in society. The subjective perception of detection and prosecution by potential offenders can be influenced by crime deterrence messages. Research limitations/implications: Press releases are signals that may be interpreted in other ways. Practical implications: When politicians are to review national authorities, they may want a slightly different serious fraud office. Social implications: The deterrence effect is often not real for alleged white-collar crime. Originality/value: Understanding a national authority in terms of its focal concerns based on press releases from the authority.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2024)

Characteristics of Crime Convenience: The Case of Corporate Offenders

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 12. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2024.2341088

This article presents a review of the research addressing the seriousness of corporate crime and the convenience for corporate offenders. Insights from this review are important as detection and prevention of corporate crime is dependent on addressing convenience issues for offenders. The perspective in this article suggests that convenience is a matter of avoiding strain and pain, saving time and efforts, overcoming barriers where the fences are at their lowest to gain from business possibilities and to avoid business threats such as bankruptcy. The opportunity for deviance among corporate offenders is typically based on their high social status and their legitimate access to resources to do both the right things and the wrong things. The opportunity structure to conceal deviance consists of institutional deterioration, lack of oversight and guardianship, and sometimes also criminal market forces. This is a scoping review article to identify convenience characteristics of corporate offenses and corporate offenders.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

When Economic Sanctions Cause White-Collar and Corporate Crime: The Case of Hidden Russian Ownership Revealed by a Norwegian Insurance Firm

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 10. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2024.2335546 - Full text in research archive

Sanctions have criminalizing consequences. This paper addresses the issue of Russian businesses attempting to circumvent and evade sanctions by white-collar and corporate crime. The case presented in this paper concerns a Norwegian smolt production facility owned by Russians, who suddenly transferred ownership to a Norwegian because of the sanctions. It seemed that the Russians remained the real owners since the Norwegian paid nothing for the shares. While Norwegian police were reluctant to investigate the matter, a Norwegian insurance firm became worried that insurance premiums paid by the production facility in Norway could represent money laundering. This paper presents the case of potential money laundering by review of the literature on sanctions and by application of institutional theory. The fact that economic sanctions are problematic in themselves and in addition stimulate white-collar and corporate crime and even mafia business as exemplified in Iran, should be an important consideration against the trend of imposing sanctions on steadily more countries that are different from our countries.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Money laundering prevention: The challenge of insurance termination for outlaw biker gangs' club houses

Journal of Money Laundering Control, 27(6), s. 1040- 1050. Doi: 10.1108/JMLC-01-2024-0003 - Full text in research archive

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the legal barriers to termination of an insurance arrangement where there is suspicion of money laundering when paying insurance premiums. Design/methodology/approach – Trials in court between insurance firm and outlaw biker gangs regarding insurance of their clubhouses. Findings – Protection of insured seems more important than prevention of money laundering. Research limitations/implications – This is a case study that cannot be generalized. Practical implications – Anti money laundering is difficult when competing with other considerations. Social implications – Accusations of money laundering is not sufficient to terminate an insurance contract. Rather, solid evidence is needed. Originality/value – This is a real case of failing anti-money laundering efforts. Keywords CSR, Legal license, Social license, Outlaw bikers, Courtroom, Theater Paper type Research paper

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Deferred Prosecution Agreements as Miscarriage of Justice: An Exploratory Study of Corporate Convenience

Journal of Economic Criminology, 4, s. 1- 7. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100059 - Full text in research archive

Deferred prosecution agreements and similar arrangements are practiced in many countries when there is suspicion of corporate crime. It is an agreement based on a negotiation that permits the allegedly guilty party not to undergo a criminal trial if they avoid committing further wrongdoing for a specified period of time. This article reviews such agreements in light of two different situations where the corporation is actually guilty and where the corporation is actually not guilty. An innocent company signing such an agreement suffers from miscarriage of justice. A guilty company on the other hand can restore the convenience of committing corporate crime. This article argues that deferred prosecution agreements violate basic principles of justice. The research suggests that serious fraud offices and other public bodies need to be restored to enable complete criminal prosecution when there are suspicions of corporate wrongdoing. This suggestion is based on the assumption that the underlying problem is law enforcement incompetence at investigating and prosecuting corporate crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Deterrence effects despite lack of prosecution: Punishment outcomes of white-collar crime investigations in Norway

Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 18, s. 1- 8. Doi: 10.1093/police/paae015 - Full text in research archive

The national authority Økokrim was established several decades ago to become a policing centre of excellence in the investigation and prosecution of economic and environmental crime in Norway that is especially concerned with white-collar and corporate crime. This article focusses on deterrence effects from Økokrim investigations that never lead to prosecution or conviction. The research raises the issue of the use of law enforcement publicity regarding investigations of potential offenders, often long before possible convictions. The issue is explored by the press releases from the Norwegian body. The apparent shift in strategy and practice at Økokrim might be explained by the devastating evaluation of the national authority some years ago. The evaluation was initiated after the Transocean court scandal where all defendants were acquitted of all charges. Deterrence strategy by investigations implies that Økokrim passes negative consequences on suspects who never have a chance to defend themselves in court. In jurisdictions with criminal justice, a suspect should always have the benefit of the doubt. Conviction should only occur when guilt is proven beyond any reasonable and sensible doubt. Until eventually proven guilty, a suspect is supposed to be considered innocent. This is a basic principle of justice.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Investigating and Prosecuting White-Collar and Corporate Crime: Challenges and Barriers for National Police Agencies

Journal of Economic Criminology, 3, s. 1- 7. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2024.100051 - Full text in research archive

Many countries have established national authorities to investigate and prosecute serious and complex white-collar and corporate crime incidents. This article reviews research literature regarding external challenges and barriers for national agencies in Norway (Økokrim), New Zealand (SFO), the United Kingdom (SFO), and the Netherlands (OSF). The policing study in this article is important as it illustrates dilemmas that governments need to address when reviewing their national fraud offices and economic crime authorities. While Økokrim in Norway seems reluctant to prosecute too complex economic crime cases, the SFO in New Zealand attempts prevention of deinstitutionalization, the SFO in the UK might have deterrence effects, while the OSF in the Netherlands is challenged by the private industry of corporate investigators. These are some of the challenges and barriers facing national authorities that are charged with the tasks of investigating and prosecuting white-collar and corporate crime at the national level. The identified challenges and barriers especially related to the convenience theory perspective should enable future research to identify relevant actions.

Gottschalk, Petter (2024)

Impression management following investigation and prosecution scandal in Norwegian police: a review of press releases

Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, s. 1- 17. Doi: 10.1080/10439463.2024.2302612 - Full text in research archive

This article presents research regarding impression management following a white-collar investigation and prosecution scandal by the National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway. The authority issued 39 press releases in one year, which communicate focus on less serious crime cases combined with deterrence by taking on cases without ever bringing them to court. Deterrence strategy by investigations implies that the authority passes penalties on suspects who never have a chance to defend themselves in court. The penalty is suffering from negative public attention, lack of job opportunities, and time spent in detention and interrogation as an accused where they have to explain themselves. The authority then behaves like a court where they punish people. However, that is a role assigned to judges and not to investigators or prosecutors. The authority argues that it is difficult to obtain the necessary information without a thorough investigation. While this is certainly true, a policing principle seems forgotten that an investigation should only be launched when it is somehow obvious that crime has indeed occurred by a criminal.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Rich but not Mighty: A Study of Non-Traditional Migration by Convenient Billionaire Refugees as Economic Emigrants

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 10(1), s. 29- 53. - Full text in research archive

In previous decades, one or two rich Norwegians moved to Switzerland. Suddenly, in 2022 there were 36 wealthy Norwegians moving to Switzerland. They were all labeled tax refugees and economic emigrants in the media. This article applies the theory of convenience to study the phenomenon of immigration. Based on extensive media coverage as the source of information for this study, some convenience themes seem to dominate. In the motive dimension of convenience theory, goal achievement for business activity is visible in the sample. In the opportunity dimension, Switzerland as a tax haven with financial secrecy is attractive. In the willingness dimension, learning from others is visible in the sample. This article presents important insights into a phenomenon that has not been investigated in traditional migration research.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

How Convenient is Deviance to Circumvent and Evasion Sanctions Against Russia? The Case of Alleged Economic Crime in a Norwegian Seafood Company

Journal of Economic Criminology, s. 1- 8. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100045 - Full text in research archive

When Russia attacked Ukraine, national states as well as multinational bodies such as the European Union imposed economic sanctions against Russia. Companies in sanctioning countries were expected to terminate their business with companies in the sanctioned country. However, the threat of bankruptcy made some companies chose deviance to circumvent and evasion sanctions. The case study in this paper describes an insurance firm’s attempt to terminate an insurance arrangement to avoid allegations of money laundering. The ownership of a seafood company in Norway had been transferred from Russians to a Norwegian. However, it seemed that the Russians were still the real owners since the Norwegian had paid nothing for the ownership. This paper presents the civil trial in the case and discusses convenience propositions for the Norwegian based on convenience theory in the dimensions of motive, opportunity, and willingness for deviance.

Gupta, Chander Mohan; Gottschalk, Petter & Kamaei, Maryam (2023)

Role of Gender in White-Collar Crime: An Examination of the Emancipation and Focal Concerns Hypotheses

Journal of Financial Crime, s. 1- 15. Doi: 10.1108/JFC-02-2023-0033 - Full text in research archive

Purpose – This paper aims to understand the involvement of women in white-collar crime (WCC) also referred to as pink-collar crimes. WCC is present around the globe and has created a word for itself. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is designed by studying the WCC in the area of Iran, Portugal, Norway, India and the USA. Findings – The paper attempts to move beyond the traditional perspectives of emancipation versus focal concern, which argue that less inequality will increase women involvement in WCC versus women socializing into accepting responsibilities for social concerns by caring for others.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

The Extent of Perceived Exposure to Economic Crime in Public and Private Business: Survey Research in Norway

Journal of Economic Criminology, 2, s. 1- 6. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100037 - Full text in research archive

Half of all finance and insurance firms in Norway report that they are exposed to economic crime, particularly fraud, every year. On the other hand, only eighteen percent in public administration and defense perceive similar exposure to economic crime. However, the estimated fraction of unreported, non-registered economic crime in the country is ninety-four percent. These numbers are some of the results from surveys conducted in Norway in 2005, 2010, and 2023. This article applies the main economic crime categories of fraud, theft, manipulation, and corruption as used by scholars to study the survey results. The corruption category shows the largest gap between perceived exposure and police statistics. Comparison to white-collar crime research indicates higher frequency of theft at the street level and higher frequency of manipulation at the upper echelon. Comparison to future surveys in other countries is encouraged.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Workplace Deviance Investigations: A Case Study of the Application of Maturity Model to a University Investigation

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 15. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2023.2271627 - Full text in research archive

This article presents a case study from Norway that supplements previous research in other jurisdictions such as Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom regarding lack of justice when corporate investigators conduct internal examinations in client organizations. The case is concerned with a university researcher who was investigated after allegations of violating the national working environment act. Investigators applied likelihood of fifty percent rather than the criteria of incident beyond any reasonable doubt. There was no real contradiction offered, and many more deviance from a fair process occurred when compared to the public criminal justice system. The presented maturity model with four stages is applied to illustrate the low level of investigative performance in the case. This research does not in any way claim that the presented case is representative of work by corporate investigators conducting internal examinations in client organizations. Nevertheless, this research is important, as it illustrates the lack of justice that is caused by the absence of regulation of the private investigation industry as performed by law firms, audit firms, consulting firms, and others.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

The American Dream: Empirical Perspectives on Convenient Deviance

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 15. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2023.2261066 - Full text in research archive

Introduction Literature review Research method Research results Discussion Conclusion Disclosure statement Additional information References Full Article Figures & data References Citations Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions View PDFView EPUB ABSTRACT This article presents a sample of ten American dreamers who demonstrated convenient deviance. The sample is derived from publicly available sources such as autobiographies by dreamers, media coverage, and investigation reports. The sample consists of four dreamers in the USA, two dreamers in Germany, and one dreamer in each of the countries India, Sweden, Norway, and Greece. While not at all claiming that the sample is representative of dreamers on the convenient deviance path, the individual stories provide insights into motives, opportunities, and willingness for deviance. The empirical sample of ten dreamers is analyzed in this article by application of convenience theory. Convenience theory suggests that convenient deviance can occur when there is a financial motive based on possibilities or threats, there is an organizational opportunity to commit and conceal deviance, and there is an individual willingness for deviant behavior. Specifically, this article addresses the research question: What convenience propositions might explain American dreamers’ deviance? Research results indicate the proposition of greed as motive, the proposition of status as opportunity, and the proposition of neutralization as willingness.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2023)

Corporate Social License: A Study in Legitimacy, Conformance, and Corruption

Palgrave Macmillan.

This book makes a distinctive and innovative contribution to the study of white-collar and corporate crime through detailed examination of the use, affect, and violation of the corporate social license – a concept frequently extended to a license to operate. Whilst discrete aspects of corporate social responsibility have found their way into the discourse on business deviance and crime, no single book to date has provided a detailed exploration of social licence through a criminological lens. Here, using an interdisciplinary focus which includes illustrative case-studies and large-scale original fieldwork, Gottschalk and Hamerton explore European, North American, Asian, and global perspectives to identify, position, and reveal the impact of the social license on contemporary conceptions of white-collar and corporate deviance and crime. Corporate Social License: A Study in Legitimacy, Conformance, and Corruption will be of interest to scholars of criminology, law, business management, and sociology along with professionals within allied fields.

Urzică, Andreea-Luciana & Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Perceptions of Potential White-Collar Criminals in Romania: A Convenience Theory Approach

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 12. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2023.2253354 - Full text in research archive

This article presents survey research in Romania to identify support or lack of support for propositions in convenience theory as they relate to motive, opportunity, and willingness. The research is important, as convenience propositions that might find strong support among respondents indicate areas for reduction in convenience as a measure to prevent and detect white-collar crime. Convenience is a concept not only associated with savings in time and effort but also with avoidance of strain and pain. Respondents express most strongly support for the proposition that persons in top positions have the opportunity to conceal financial crime at work where there is lack of guardianship, oversight and control. An important factor in improving control is reliable whistleblowing that will reduce the convenience of crime by privileged individuals who intend to abuse their positions for personal or organizational gain.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Benefits Fraud by Norwegian Politicians in Parliament: Convenience Theory Perspectives

Journal of Economic Criminology, 2, s. 1- 8. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100024 - Full text in research archive

The theoretical goal of this article is to examine the case of a recent benefits fraud scandal among Norwegian parliamentarians, who received various payments they were not entitled to, through the lens of convenience theory. The evidence presented and evaluated comes from the report of the Norwegian auditor general’s internal investigation as well as from various media reports. Among 14 convenience propositions, evidence was found for six of them: greed, status, decay, chaos, justification, and neutralization. An important practical implication of this research is that the independent status of parliamentarians has to be addressed by new measures of guardianship, overview, and control against fraud. Generally, the violation of trust by privileged individuals elected by the people represents a threat to democracy.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

The National Authority in Norway is No Serious Economic Crime Office Anymore? An Empirical Study of Press Releases

Journal of Economic Criminology, 2, s. 1- 6. Doi: 10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100021 - Full text in research archive

One reason many nations have centralized policing functions is to manage knowledge that can take on and solve the most complex criminal investigations and prosecutions in the country. Somewhat similar to the Serious Fraud Office in the United Kingdom and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States, the National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Økorim) is Norway’s central unit for fighting economic and environmental crime. After a scandal hit this national authority, the current research asks to what extent Økokrim is still a serious economic crime office. An empirical study of press releases from the national authority over a one year period, from June 2022 to June 2023, suggests that Økokrim has taken on less serious economic crime cases to close the competence gap between the requirements of new criminal cases and the qualifications among Økokrim employees and leaders. The consequence seems to be that from an estimated conviction rate of 1 out of 11 white-collar offenders in Norway in the past, less than 9 % are now brought to justice. This article contributes to the current state of knowledge regarding offender convenience depending on operations and policy choices of centralized crime agencies.

Dearden, Thomas E. & Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Convenience Theory and Cybercrime Opportunity: An Analysis of Online Cyber Offending

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 14. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2023.2246626 - Full text in research archive

The private nature of business creates opportunities for financial crimes. Convenience theory suggests that opportunity, accompanied by a willingness and motive, explains financial crimes. Newer technologies have created similar private environments, which allow for criminal behavior. For example, cryptocurrencies offer a new way of generating anonymous financial transactions. This paper explores criminal opportunity using cryptocurrency and convenience theory. Specifically, we test each convenience dimension – opportunity, willingness, and motive – using a sample of adults in the United States. We find all three dimensions explain online financial crimes. Opportunity, measured through any purchase of cryptocurrency is related to an increase in financial cybercrimes. Further, when motive is considered as greed or need, a need is more important than greed. The use of cryptocurrency increases certain opportunities for financial crimes. This may partially be attributed to the crimes themselves (e.g. pump-and-dump cryptocurrency schemes) but also to the general opportunity created through cyberspace.

Gupta, Chander Mohan & Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Trusted White-Collar Defendants: The Courtroom as a Theater Scene

Springer Nature.

This book investigates how offenders of white-collar crime misuse legal loopholes in the courtroom. From powerful and corrupt alliances to a tough judicial battle, this volume looks at case studies from across the world to shed light on these matters and others, including: • How legal systems work when offenders have deep roots and connections • The courtroom proceedings and how offenders can manipulate the law • Global case studies supporting recommendations for resolving these issues The inside-look into the courtroom and accompanying critical analysis make this volume perfect for new graduate scholars, practitioners, and researchers working with perpetrators of white-collar crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Reducing Financial Crime Convenience for Sustainable Finance: A Case Study of Danske Bank in Estonia

Dion, Michel (red.). Sustainable Finance and Financial Crime

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Fraud Examinations in White-Collar Crime Investigations: Convenience Themes and Review Maturity

Routledge.

This book reviews a range of reports written by fraud examiners after completing internal investigations. These reports are normally kept secret and are the property of client organizations, which do not wish to disclose potential wrongdoing that can harm the reputation of the businesses.

Kamaei, Maryam; Abolhasani, Salameh, Farhood, Naghmeh & Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Women and white-collar crime: A comparative study of Iranian and Norwegian offenders

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 14(4), s. 1- 18.

Economic wrongdoing committed by privileged members of society’s upper social and economic elite is known as white-collar crime. The research on the gender gap among white-collar offenders is expanded in this study, where it is proposed that the percentage of female offenders is determined by or affected by the degree of gender equality. Women typically make up a small percentage of those who have been found guilty of white-collar offenses. Low female participation in privileged positions due to gender inequality has been used to explain the gender gap. The global gender gap index calculates the degree of gender inequality. Regarding gender equality in the country, Iran is ranked 143, while Norway is ranked 3 (out of 146 countries), according to the index for 2022. Thus, on the index, Iran and Norway represent two extremes that make a comparison study pertinent. This investigation compares a small sample of convicted offenders in Iran to a larger sample in Norway and finds little evidence to support the idea that the degree of gender equality can account for differences in white-collar crime rates between men and women. Therefore, this study provides support for the focal concern hypothesis rather than the emancipation hypothesis.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Women and white-collar crime: A convenience theory perspective

Revista Científica do CPJM, 2, s. 16- 39.

Traditionally, research on the fraction of women in white-collar crime has focused on females’ lack of financial motive, organizational opportunity, and personal willingness for deviant behavior. This article applies the opposite perspective of traditional gender research on white-collar crime in terms of special female motive, opportunity, and willingness. Based on the theory of convenience, this article identifies convenience themes that are gender-specific in favor of female offenders. In the motive dimension of convenience theory, there is concern for others and strain causing depression and anxiety (Brands and Mehra, 2019). In the opportunity dimension, there are fewer women than men that face suspicions of misconduct, wrongdoing, and crime. In the willingness dimension, females as followers might justify their actions and neutralize their potential guilt feelings far better than males as leaders in crime by claiming loyalty to their leaders.

Kamaei, Maryam; Abolhasani, Salameh, Farhood, Naghmeh & Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

The media concept of mafia business in Iran: A convenience theory approach

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 14(3), s. 79- 99. - Full text in research archive

Convenience exists in the financial motive, the organizational opportunity, and the personal willingness for deviant behavior. These three themes can result in 14 convenience propositions as presented.This article aims to discuss the role of convenience in Iranian mafia and how it affects the perpetration of financially motivated crime. For this purpose, we selected and discuss some of these fourteen propositions that can explain mafia operations in Iran.The media concept of mafia business in Iran is exemplified by the meat mafia, the sugar mafia, the tea mafia, and the steel mafia. The procedure used to collect data in this study is documentation, that is, the guidelines used in the form of notes or citations, the search for legal literature, books and other sources related to the identification of the problems of this study both offline like online.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2023)

Lawyer Roles in Knowledge Work: Defender, Enabler, Investigator

Intersentia.

This book provides the first thorough examination of the concept of lawyer roles in knowledge work, offering a detailed comparative exploration and analysis of the globalized legal services industry in terms of individual and corporate professional function. Knowledge management has long been identified by scholars within the business sphere as a key strategic device in the development of complex organizations and developing markets. However, this essential process has been largely ignored within socio-legal studies and professional practice applications as a specific subject for close scrutiny. Lawyer Roles in Knowledge Work seeks to address this anomaly, with Gottschalk and Hamerton recognizing the strong lineage and correlation that exists between the study of knowledge management and contemporary legal practice. Using an interdisciplinary focus which includes illustrative case-studies, the book explores European, North American, and global perspectives as well as models to identify, position, and reveal the forward-looking lawyer as defender, enabler, and investigator. In doing so it revaluates current strategic legal practice and organisational behaviour within the context of changing patterns of business, the workplace, social rules, systems of governance, decision making, social ordering and control. Whilst this book is principally focused on the three titular roles of defender, enabler, and investigator, it acknowledges and explains that there are other functionary positions frequently occupied by lawyers, such as the role of the bureaucrat who acts for the government and its executive agencies. Lewis and Mulcahy (2021) described lawyers in bureaucracies in terms of their knowledge needs related to law-making processes, regulations, and policy. They found that bureaucrats’ knowledge work involves collaboration and compromise in government circles. Other lawyer roles in knowledge work include prosecutor, judge, and corporate legal officers. However, the three roles of defender, enabler, and investigator developed and scrutinized in this book were chosen on the basis that they all involve the lawyer working for a client where the lawyer receives payment depending on the magnitude of completed work activities, and where the lawyer might become subject to disciplinary action depending on misconduct. In this regard Lawyer Roles in Knowledge Work aims to offer a unique and nuanced comparative treatment of a developmental field within contemporary legal practice and strategic management studies. The book will speak to students of law, business management, criminology, and sociology, along with legal practitioners and professionals within allied fields.

Gottschalk, Petter & Kamaei, Maryam (2023)

Understanding business offending: Survey research in Iran

Journal of Financial Crime, s. 1- 9. Doi: 10.1108/JFC-10-2022-0246 - Full text in research archive

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which white-collar crime makes sense. Understanding business offending reflects the degree of sensemaking among respondents in the current survey research. Making sense implies a number of factors that influence understandability. An understandable act is not necessarily acceptable or justifiable. At a university in Iran, criminal law and criminology students answered a questionnaire regarding their extent of understanding of business offenders. Design/methodology/approach – The research method is the use of experimental data using a questionnaire in one of the units of the Islamic Azad University in Iran, where 300 students were invited to respond to an online survey. Findings – The respondents found it on average understandable that top executives and other privileged individuals abuse their positions to commit financial crime when they have problems with their personal finances, when the business struggles financially and faces the threat of bankruptcy, and when they offer bribes in corrupt countries to obtain business contracts. The extent of understandability varies with a number of propositions in the convenience theory.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Violations of the social license to operate: Evidence from fraud investigation reports

Crime and delinquency, s. 1- 21. Doi: 10.1177/00111287221145123 - Full text in research archive

Traditionally, white-collar and corporate crime research has focused on the role of the criminal justice system in prosecuting and punishing offenders and offenses. The frequent lack of prosecution and punishment has been explained by various theoretical perspectives that reflect the legal license to operate. However, the emerging perspective of the social license to operate illustrates punishment at violations that can cause termination of executives, market loss, and other serious harm to individuals and firms. This article presents three case studies where fraud examiners reviewed the legal license when the social license was ignored. There is an interesting avenue here for future white-collar and corporate crime research in distinguishing between punishment from violations of the legal license and punishment from violations of the social license to operate.

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

White-Collar Crime

Caeiro, Pedro; Gless, Sabine, Mitsilegas, Valsamis, Costa, Miguel João, De Snaijer, Jannecke & Theodorakakou, Georgia (red.). Elgar Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminal Justice

Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Corporate Compliance and Conformity: A Convenience Theory Approach to Executive Deviance

Routledge.

Traditionally, control in organizations is concerned with top-down approaches, where executives attempt to direct their employees’ attention, behaviors, and performance to align with the organization’s goals and objectives. This book takes a new approach by turning the problem of control upside down as it focuses on control of executives who find white-collar crime convenient. The bottom-up approach to executive compliance focuses on organizational measures to make white-collar crime less convenient for potential offenders. Rather than focusing on the regulatory formalities and staged procedures of compliance and audits, the book emphasizes the organizational challenges involved in compliance work when trusted corporate officials exhibit deviant behavior, refining, and advancing knowledge in this field by reference to contemporary international case studies and associated original evaluative research. The themes and cases covered are carefully selected to provide the reader with an insight into professional conduct and procedural practice – the organization of corporate compliance success, failure, and corruption – with the theory of convenience placed at the fore. It is the bottom-up approach by application of convenience theory that makes the proposed book unique compared to other books on corporate compliance. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and upper-level students researching and studying in the areas of business administration, organizational behavior, corporate and white-collar crime, as well as business ethics and auditing.

Asting, Cecilie & Gottschalk, Petter (2023)

Attorney Fraud in the Law Firm: A Case Study of Crime Convenience Theory and Crime Signal Detection Theory

Deviant Behavior, 44(4), s. 591- 602. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2022.2071657

This article starts with a brief review of law firm business. Next, crime convenience theory is applied to the case by identifying relevant convenience themes for financial motive, organizational opportunity, and personal willingness. Then, a brief application of crime signal detection theory is presented. In the discussion, governance in the form of restrictions based on convenience theory is discussed. Prevention and detection of wrongdoing is at the core of governance to secure compliance with laws, regulations, rules, and guidelines. The lack of transparency among stakeholders in the case of the law firm is detrimental to governance. The discourse and rituals of transparency, account-giving, and verification are central to governance.

Dean, Geoff & Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Knowledge Management in Policing and Law Enforcement - Foundations, Structures, Applications

Chinese People's Public Security University Press.

Gottschalk, Petter & Kamaei, Maryam (2022)

Convenience Triangle in White-Collar Crime - Case Studies of Fraud Examinations

The Shahre Danesh Institute of Law.

Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Reasons for white-collar abuse of financial support packages during the Covid-19 pandemic: A convenience theory approach

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 9(1), s. 40- 61. - Full text in research archive

Convenience theory is an emerging theoretical perspective to explain the phenomenon of white-collar crime. This article presents a one-sided theoretical study of convenience themes that emerged for white-collar offenders during the Covid-19 pandemic by abuse of governments’ emergency support packages for business enterprises. Special motives, special opportunities, and special willingness for deviant behavior in abuse of financial aid occurred during the pandemic. Stronger motives – both based on possibilities and threats – are discussed. The opportunity was mainly rooted in rule complexity linked to external lack of control and guardianship. The willingness has many convenience themes including rationality, learning, justification, and neutralization. The one-sided approach of whitecollar crime enablers during the pandemic in abuse of public funding needs to be supplemented by discussion of white-collar crime barriers during the pandemic in future research.

Kamaei, Maryam & Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Women and white-collar criminals: A comparison between pink-collar crimes and red-collar crimes in Iran

Journal of Financial Crime Doi: 10.1108/JFC-08-2022-0205

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare women committing pink-collar and red-collar crimes in Iran. In the current study, the pink-collar crime, studying murder by women as red-collar criminals and the root of “pink-collar crime” is considered the related terms. Design/methodology/approach: Descriptive analytical method is used in this article. Findings: It was previously thought that white-collar crime has no victim, and it is not necessary to imprison the criminal or consider other punishments. There is no recognized solution for such crimes, as opposed to the legislature and the government’s efforts, and therefore, consumers, government, employees, companies and executives cannot realize these crimes or be aware of them. Unfortunately, recognizing red-collar crimes is impossible using the old, outdated set of laws, and new laws are required. The phenomenon of white- and red-collar crime is endless and must always be in the attention of society to prevent its dangerous consequences for the community. Originality/value: This article is original and has been submitted only to this journal and has not been submitted to another journal at the same time.

Gupta, Chander Mohan & Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

To What Extent Is White-Collar Crime Understandable? An Empirical Study of Determinants Based on the Theory of Convenience

Crime and delinquency Doi: 10.1177/00111287221131492 - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Fraud Investigation Reports in Practice: Convenience and Corporate Crime

Routledge.

Investigation reports are written by fraud examiners after completion of internal reviews in client organizations when there was suspicion of financial wrongdoing. Fraud examiners are expected to answer questions regarding what happened, when it happened, how it happened, and why. This book presents a number of case studies of investigation reports by fraud examiners, offering a framework for studying the report as well as insights into convenience of fraud. The case studies, including KPMG and PwC, focus on two important subjects. First, convenience themes are identified for each case. Themes derive from the theory of convenience, where fraud is a result of financial motives, organizational opportunities, and personal willingness for deviant behaviors. Second, review maturity is identified for each case. Review maturity derives from a stages-of-growth model, where the investigation is assigned a level of maturity based on explicit criteria. The book provides useful insights towards approaching fraud examinations to enable better understanding of the rational explanations for corporate fraud. The book is framed from the perspective of private policing, which contextualizes how investigation reports are examined. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and upper-level students researching and studying auditing and investigation work in the corporate and public sectors. Business and management as well as criminal justice scholars and students will learn from the case studies how to frame a white-collar crime incident by application of convenience theory and how to evaluate a completed internal investigation by fraud examiners.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2022)

Corporate Compliance: Crime, Convenience and Control

Palgrave Macmillan.

Compliance has long been identified by scholars of white-collar crime as a key strategic control device in the regulation of corporations and complex organisations. Nevertheless, this essential process has been largely ignored within criminology as a specific subject for close scrutiny – Corporate Compliance: Crime, Convenience and Control seeks to address this anomaly. This initiating book applies the theory of convenience to provide criminological insight into the enduring self-regulatory phenomenon of corporate compliance. Convenience theory suggests that compliance is challenged when the corporation has a strong financial motive for illegitimate profits, ample organisational opportunities to commit and conceal wrongdoing, and executive willingness for deviant behaviour. Focusing on white-collar deviance and crime within corporations, the book argues that lack of compliance is recurrently a matter of deviant behaviour by senior executives within organisations who abuse their privileged positions to commission, commit and conceal financial crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Corporate Control of White-Collar Crime: A Bottom-Up Approach to Executive Deviance

Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter).

Traditionally, corporate control is all about top-down approaches to management of employees. Executives attempt to influence employees toward achieving business goals, and they attempt to prevent and detect wrongdoing, misconduct, and crime among employees. However, top-down approaches to corporate control do not work when executives and other privileged individuals in the business themselves commit and conceal their wrongdoing, misconduct, and crime in organizational settings. Then there is a need for a bottom-up approach in corporate control as outlined in this book. Bottom-up control refers to the manner in which organizational members can use different types of control mechanisms – such as whistleblowing, transparency, resource access, or culture – to monitor, measure, and evaluate executives’ avoidance of deviant behaviors and influence them toward achieving the organization’s goals in efficient and effective ways. The newly emerging perspective of a social license to operate forms part of the bottom-up strategy where criminalization becomes social property independent of the criminal justice system. The social license is predominantly centered on social permission for business activity where the media, social movements, and citizen watchdogs exert pressure, demand change, and bring top management to account. This book presents a novel approach to corporate control of white-collar crime based on the theory of convenience. White-collar crime is financial crime committed by privileged individuals who have legitimate access to resources based on the power and trust inherent through their professional positions. Convenience theory proposes that motive, opportunity, and willingness are the three dimensions that underlie white-collar crime in an organizational context. This book contributes to the study of white-collar criminality through a blend of theoretical discussions and practical materials that illuminate and support the use of convenience theory. The book discusses how bottom-up approaches can overcome the difficulty of detecting white-collar crime and overcome the barriers of preventing executive deviance.

Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Financial Crime Issues: Fraud Investigations and Social Control

Springer.

This volume looks at the emerging perspective to the social license and white-collar and corporate crime in criminal justice. While most scholarship explains the frequent lack of police involvement, prosecution, and punishment through various theoretical perspectives that reflect the legal license to operate, the social license to operate illustrates punishment of violations that can cause termination of executives, market loss, and other serious harm to individuals and firms. This book presents several case studies where fraud examiners reviewed the legal license, while the social license was ignored, distinguishing between punishment from violations of the legal license and punishment from violations of the social license to operate. This volume is ideal for crime analysts and scholars of corporate and white-collar crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Trusted Chief Executives in Convenient White-Collar Crime

Crime and delinquency Doi: 10.1177/00111287221104737 - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter (2022)

Chief Executive Offenders and Economic Crime - A Convenience Theory Approach

Routledge.

This book examines the role of Chief Executives in white collar crime from a convenience theory perspective. Privileged position status, legitimate resource access, institutional deterioration, lack of control and guardianship, and criminal networks such as cartels are some of the typical factors of opportunity convenience when chief executives commit white-collar crime. By presenting and discussing such factors, this book aims to clarify vulnerabilities in organizational settings when the deviant chief executive takes advantage of their position for criminal means. The book applies convenience theory to explain a variety of cases of corporate crime committed by chief executives. The work will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers in the areas of criminology and criminal justice, law enforcement policy, business management and organizational behavior.

Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

Fraud examination reports in corrupt countries: A comparison of white-collar crime convenience

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 13(4)

The theory of convenience suggests that financial threats and possibilities, organizational opportunities to commit and conceal wrongdoing, as well as personal willingness for deviant behavior determine the likelihood of white-collar crime. When there is suspicion of white-collar crime, public and private organizations tend to hire fraud examiners from audit firms and law firms to reconstruct past events and sequences of events. This article links findings in fraud examination reports regarding crime convenience to the extent of corruption in the respective countries. Research results suggest that white-collar crime convenience increases as the extent of crime in a nation increases. The empirical research presented in this article is exploratory with a number of shortcomings that need to be addressed in future studies.

Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

The Convenience of Corporate Crime: Financial Motive - Organizational Opportunity - Executive Willingness

Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter).

As documented in a number of case studies (from Telia Telecom in Sweden to Wirecard in Germany) in this book, recidivism seems to be of a substantial magnitude in corporate crime. Corporations tend to repeat white-collar offenses such as financial crime and environmental crime in various forms as long as they find it convenient. A minor fine from time to time and dismissal of some executives as scapegoats do not prevent corporations from committing and concealing new offenses as long as there is a convenient financial motive, a convenient organizational opportunity, and a convenient willingness for deviant behavior. Businesses and their executives tend to be recidivists who get away with light punishment in most jurisdictions. The relevant audiences for this book include law students, business students, sociology students, and criminology students. Fraud examiners, defense attorneys, compliance officers, police investigators, as well as prosecutors can find the structural model of convenience to be an ideal template in preparing corporate crime case narratives.

Gottschalk, Petter & Van Oorschot, Kim (2021)

Escalation Of Darkness By White-Collar Offenders: A Case Study Of Environmental Crime Convenience

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 8(1), s. 178- 204.

Commitment to goals can escalate to such an extent that it encourages deviant behaviour even after detection of a crime. A case study illustrates how detection of environmental crime in one country led to environmental crime in another country. The Probo Koala tanker ship was to deliver another shipment of coker gasoline waste to the Ivory Coast, and her sister ship, Probo Emu, both owned by Trafigura, was preparing for the same journey. Trouble started when the illegal waste shipment was detected. Trafigura management quickly found an alternative destination for the waste, where an explosion harming local citizens occurred. The case of redirecting the tanker ship to Norway is studied as a dark project by application of convenience theory, which suggests that offenders have financial motives, organizational opportunities, as well as willingness for deviant behavior caused by escalating commitment to illegal behavior to reach goals such as getting rid of the hazardous waste.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hamerton, Christopher (2021)

White-Collar Crime Online - Deviance, Organizational Behaviour and Risk

Palgrave Macmillan.

Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

White Collar Crime and Fraud Investigation - A Convenience Theory Approach

Routledge.

Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

Detecting and Investigating Environmental Crime - The Case of Tjøme Island

Palgrave Macmillan.

Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

Trusted White-Collar Offenders - Global Cases Studies of Crime Convenience

Palgrave Macmillan.

Stadler, William A. & Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

Testing convenience theory for white-collar crime: Perceptions of potential offenders and non-offenders

Deviant Behavior Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2021.1919037

Convenience theory is a novel, integrated theory aimed at explaining criminal behavior, with a particular focus on white-collar crime. The current study represents a preliminary test of this theory through a survey of student perceptions of financial crimes committed by business leaders and executives. Four dimensions of the theory, including justifications, motivations, opportunities, and willingness to commit crime, are examined using an international sample of students from two different universities. Results reveal significant differences between students’ agreement with justifications for white-collar crime. Those more likely to agree with crime justifications were also more likely to agree with motivations for and willingness to engage in executive leader crimes associated with a business. Thus, the current study finds support for convenience theory as a possible explanation for white-collar criminality among those expected to be in future positions which make these crimes possible. Findings also implicate motivation and willingness, two important dimensions in convenience theory, as key factors which are likely to influence the decision-making process to engage in white-collar crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2021)

Private Policing of Economic Crime - Case Studies of Internal Investigations by Fraud Examiners

Routledge.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING

Beulen, Erik & Ribbers, Pieter M. (red.). The Routledge Companion to Managing Digital Outsourcing

Sourcing decisions have been recognized for their potential to significantly impact a company’s business and value creation. Based on the stages-of-growth model for outsourcing, offshoring and backsourcing, a framework to analyze and predict organizational change is suggested. Using the costs, resources and partnership parameters of the framework, benchmarks applicable to each stage are applied in two business examples. The lessons learned from the experiences of these two examples are useful in analyzing stages, dominant problems at each stage, evolutionary path and the economies of outsourcing. The findings indicate that companies face different issues, expectations and benefits, depending on their maturity.

Gottschalk, Petter & Asting, Cecilie (2020)

Crime Signal Detection Theory: Two Case Studies of the Five-Stage Model from Observer to Whistleblower

Deviant Behavior Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1816147 - Full text in research archive

The objective of this article is to present a study of two observers turning into whistleblowers through stages of crime signal detection, registration, interpretation, reception, and knowledge. The study applies signal detection theory emphasizing signal alertness, signal reflection, pattern recognition, and personal knowledge. The research method applied is personal interviews with the whistleblowers who noticed deviant behavior, one of which blew the whistle on corruption that later led to the incarceration of several corporate executives. Results indicate that the whistleblowers became more certain of their information as they could discuss their observations with others. An important human factor in whistleblowing is thus the ability to discuss initial observations with people that one can trust, which can lead to documented allegations against suspected individuals. The case studies illustrate experience from troublesome whistleblowing on top executives, where the second whistleblower was less successful.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Gender and Crime: Convenience for Pink-Collar Offenders

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 15. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1794270 - Full text in research archive

Traditionally, research on the gender fraction of women in white-collar crime has focused on female lack of financial motive, organizational opportunity, and personal willingness for deviant behavior. This article applies the opposite perspective of traditional gender research on white-collar crime in terms of special female motive, opportunity, and willingness. This article challenges prior research regarding female involvement in white-collar crime. Based on the theory of convenience, this article identifies convenience themes that are gender-specific in favor of pink-collar offenders. In the motive dimension of convenience theory, we find concern for others and strain causing depression and anxiety. In the opportunity dimension, we find that women have the advantage of facing suspicion of misconduct, wrongdoing, and crime to a far lesser extent compared to men. In the willingness dimension, we find that women as followers can justify their actions and neutralize their potential guilt feelings far better than men in the role of leaders in crime can neutralize what they have done.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

How would Business School Students Respond if They Suspect the Boss at Work of White-Collar Crime?

International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 10(2/3), s. 258- 265. Doi: 10.1504/IJBCRM.2020.108517 - Full text in research archive

In this article, we study business school students' action orientation and follower syndrome when they suspect the boss at work of white-collar crime. Business school students are relevant for this research, as they will occupy positions in the future where they can commit financial crime, prevent crime, or become victims of such crime. Our student responses are particularly interesting, since the students actively had elected a class on financial crime rather than more traditional business school classes. Students responded that they would inform a colleague of their suspicion, and they would not raise their suspicion with the boss. Students do not suffer from the follower syndrome in their self-reported scores in the questionnaire. We found no statistical relationship between the extent of the follower syndrome and the extent of action orientation among students.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Case Studies of Executive Deviance - A Theory of Business Convenience

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Convenience Dynamics and White-Collar Crime

Routledge.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Empirical Testing of an Integrated Criminological Theory: The Case of Deductive Convenience for White-Collar Offenders

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 17. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1778961 - Full text in research archive

This paper presents the integrated theory of convenience with its dimensions and structural model. Convenience statements derive from the structural model. The research suggests that offenders will find crime more convenient than non-offenders will. One hundred and eleven business students were either potential offenders or non-offenders based on their responses in survey research. Business students who found it understandable that top executives and others in privileged positions commit white-collar crime are likely offenders, while students who did not find it understandable are likely non-offenders. The empirical test illustrates that assumed offenders find more motive convenience, opportunity convenience, as well as behavioral convenience by crime when compared to assumed non-offenders.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Convenience in White-Collar Crime: A Case Study of Unknown Perpetrator at Popcorn Time

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 11. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1771129 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience suggests that characteristics of white-collar offenders include motive, opportunity, and willingness for deviant behavior. This article discusses the case of offenders developing and supporting the software platform Popcorn Time. The motive seems to be sensation seeking with a deviant identity. The opportunity seems to be unknown and anonymous identity of offenders based on the lack of oversight and guardianship on the Internet. The willingness seems to be lack of self-control as well as disclaim of responsibility for violations of intellectual property rights. A structural model of convenience theory is applied to the case study.

Dearden, Thomas & Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Gender and White-Collar Crime: Convenience in Target Selection

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 9. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1756428 - Full text in research archive

We find support for the idea that gender affects target selection when committing white-collar crime. Based on the theory of convenience, we argue that male and female offenders vary in their perceptions of convenience when considering alternative categories of crime and alternative categories of victims. We obtained data from Utah’s White Collar Crime Offender Registry. Individuals in the state of Utah who are convicted of a second-degree white-collar crime felony or higher are required to register. The categories of crime included from statute HB 378 are securities fraud, theft by deception, unlawful dealing of property by iduciary, fraudulent insurance, mortgage fraud, communications fraud, and money laundering.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Corporate White-Collar Crime Scandals: Detection, Investigation, Reconstruction

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter & Benson, Michael L. (2020)

The Evolution of Corporate Accounts of Scandals from Exposure to Investigation

British Journal of Criminology, 60(4), s. 949- 969. Doi: 10.1093/bjc/azaa001 - Full text in research archive

We extend research on how corporations respond to scandals by examining the evolution of the accounts that are developed by corporate agents after a scandal becomes public. Guided by the theory of accounts and a recently developed perspective on crisis management, we examine how the accounts developed by 12 corporations caught up in highly publicized scandals changed from the time of initial exposure to the issuance of an investigative report. Our analysis shows that denial of wrongdoing in several cases is replaced by admission of wrongdoing and scapegoating, while obfuscation of wrongdoing is replaced by denial or acceptance of responsibility and scapegoating. We conclude with a discussion of the broader managerial and social implications of our analysis and how it furthers our understanding of the ability of corporations to weather serious scandals.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Convenience in white-collar crime: a case study of corruption among friends in Norway

Criminal justice studies, 33(4), s. 413- 424. Doi: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1723084 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience is an emerging approach to explain the occurrence of white-collar crime. Convenience theory suggests that there is a financial motive enabling the offender to exploit possibilities and avoid threats, an organizational opportunity to commit and conceal crime, and a personal willingness for deviant behavior. This article tests the theory by a case study of a logistics manager who entered into corrupt relationships with friends who were suppliers. Among the many themes included in the structural model of convenience theory, the case study illustrates occupational rather than corporate crime that benefitted the offender personally. The motive was greed, while the opportunity was caused by status and lack of oversight and guardianship. His willingness was based on his choice of private relationships where he could justify his actions and neutralize feelings of guilt.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

From Crime Convenience to Punishment Inconvenience: The Case of Detected White-Collar Offenders

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 11. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1717840 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience suggests that white-collar offenders find it convenient to use illegitimate gain to explore possibilities and avoid threats. Furthermore, there is convenient access to resources to commit and financial crime, and offenders can conveniently justify crime and neutralize guilt feelings. This article extends the concept of convenience into the concept of inconvenience when white-collar offenders face detection, investigation, conviction, and incarceration. The extent of inconvenience is dependent on a number of issues such as public opinion about seriousness of wrongdoing, fraud examinations versus police investigations, symbolic defense by attorneys, and the special sensitivity hypothesis versus the special resilience hypothesis. While facing the criminal justice system is never convenient for the offender, the extent of inconvenience might limit itself and partly find compensation by a number of circumstances on the way from crime detection to release from prison.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

The Privatization of Fraud Investigation - Internal Investigations by Fraud Examiners

Routledge.

Gottschalk, Petter (2020)

Theory of convenience: Determinants of white-collar crime intention

Deviant Behavior, 41(11), s. 1431- 1439. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2019.1624101 - Full text in research archive

Crime intentions are an important area of research in criminology. Yet substitutes for real intentions have to be applied since respondents will be reluctant to tell truthfully of their tendency to commit a crime. In this article, we present determinants of white-collar crime based on the theory of convenience. Convenience theory suggests that the extent of individual convenience orientation determines to what extent a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation will make a decision to violate the law whenever alternative decisions are less convenient. A more stressful and greedy financial motive, an improved organizational opportunity to commit and conceal crime, and a stronger personal willingness for deviant behavior are assumed to influence the extent of white-collar crime intention. Based on a survey of business school students, we find support for suggested causal relationships in the theory of convenience. Business school students are relevant for this research, as they will occupy positions in the future where they can commit financial crime, prevent crime, or become victims of such crime.

Gottschalk, Petter & Asting, Cecilie (2020)

Entitled to embezzlement? The case of successful executives working for rich heirs

Deviant Behavior, 41(3), s. 269- 277. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2018.1564365 - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Policing and Prosecution of Cybercrime

Mitsilegas, Valsamis; Hufnagel, Saskia & Moiseienko, Anton (red.). Research Handbook on Transnational Crime

Policing cybercrime faces the challenge of determining the authenticity of messages by using judgment, intuition and deductive reasoning. A cybercrime investigation can be seen as composed of a number of discrete yet linked inquiry actions, including active undercover participation, which are directed towards the production of information about how and why crime occurred. Police investigators are concerned with the gathering of evidence leading to the arrest of offenders, as well as the collection and presentation of evidence and testimony for the purpose of obtaining a conviction. Prosecuting cybercrime involves several special considerations: jurisdiction, venue, statute of limitations, and juveniles. In terms of jurisdiction, several courts in the United States have indicated a willingness to assume that a crime took place in or affecting interstate business as long as there is evidence that the defendant used the Internet in connection with the offence.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Convenience Triangle in White-Collar Crime: An Empirical Study of Prison Sentences

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 17. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2019.1705679 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience suggests that the likelihood of white-collar offenses is dependent on financial motives, organizational opportunities, and personal willingness to commit and conceal financial crime in an occupational setting. The convenience triangle suggests that motives, opportunities, and willingness can reinforce each other to commit and conceal the crime. While developing research hypotheses both for the extent of criminogenity and for interactions in the triangle, this research has failed in identifying empirical sources to test suggested hypotheses. Instead, we derive and interpret data from 408 convicted white-collar offenders into intentions to commit financial crime. Given this transformation of data from court documents and media reports, we find support for all three hypotheses regarding motive, opportunity, and willingness as predictors of white-collar crime intentions

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Convenience Dynamics in White-Collar Crime: Financial Motive, Organizational Opportunity, and Deviant Behavior

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 12. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2019.1698109 - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Offenders or victims? Convenient self-portraits of white-collar criminals in their autobiographies

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 11(2), s. 1- 14. - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Application of the theory of convenience to a case of illegal public procurement of healthcare services

International Journal of procurement management, 12(6), s. 621- 631. Doi: 10.1504/IJPM.2019.102937 - Full text in research archive

We address the following research question in this article: how can convenience theory in terms of motive, opportunity, and willingness explain deviant behaviour in the case of public procurement of healthcare services in a Norwegian municipality? This research is important, as it can identify motives at the individual and organisational level, opportunities at the organisational and societal level, and willingness at the individual level, even when there is not necessarily corruption involved. The application of convenience theory is by no means an excuse for violations of laws and regulations. Rather, this article demonstrates where prevention of misconduct and crime needs attention. It is particularly at the organisational level, where opportunity structures tend to enable commitment and concealment of illegitimate financial transactions. When auditing and other forms of control are de facto absent, where the blame game occurs, and where it is impossible to trace events because documents and e-mails have disappeared, then misconduct and crime become convenient options.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Chairman of the board incarcerated for white-collar crime after bankruptcy: What does his autobiography tell us about convenience?

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 9. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2019.1658846 - Full text in research archive

Some members of the upper echelon in society violate laws whenever they feel necessary. They have access to resources to commit and conceal financial crime while they deny the guilty mind. Autobiographies by convicted white-collar offenders are an interesting source of information to understand motives, opportunities, and willingness for deviant behaviors. This research applies the theory of convenience to study the autobiography of a convicted chairman of the board in Norway. While claiming corporate crime for the benefit of the business, he actually carried out occupational crime to benefit himself. As an entrepreneur, he felt entitled to do whatever he considered necessary. He suffered from narcissistic identification, where there is little difference between personal money and company money.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Convenience Triangle in White-Collar Crime - Case Studies of Fraud Examinations

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Claim Investigated by Special Master Freeh: A Case for Application of Convenience Theory to White-Collar Misconduct

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 11(1), s. 1- 15. - Full text in research archive

After an oilspill in the Gulf, British Petroleum had to compensate victims of the accident. The total compensation was $11 billion. As suggested by the theory of convenience, a financial motive, an organizational opportunity and a personal willingness can explain deviant behavior by members of the elite in society to gain from the compensation program. In the case of the BP Deepwater Horizon settlements, attorneys were both presenting claims on behalf of victims as well as approving claims on behalf of petroleum company BP. It was a profitable assignment for attorneys, and some attorneys made it even more profitable for themselves by kickbacks and by both applying for and approving compensations. As illustrated in this case study, a report of investigation can serve asan empirical basis for the study of convenience theory.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Stage model for female criminals: business school student's perceptions of white-collar offenders

Journal of Gender Studies, 28(6), s. 720- 729. Doi: 10.1080/09589236.2019.1617115 - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter & Asting, Cecilie (2019)

The family firm as an arena for white-collar crime

International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 9(4), s. 283- 297. Doi: 10.1504/IJBCRM.2019.102594 - Full text in research archive

In this article, we identify certain aspects of family firms that can cause specific personal motives, organisational opportunities and deviant behaviours. Based on the theory of convenience, we identify organisational opportunities for family members to defraud their own firm. We also identify personal willingness for non-family members to defraud the family firm where they work. We do not argue that white-collar crime is more or less frequent in family firms compared to other kinds of firms. There are several solutions to this problem. Family members should not have voting rights and privileges that cause actions without controls. Non-family members expect firms to pay them fairly and to stimulate them to identify with the business.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Determinants of Fraud examination performance: An empirical study of internal investigation reports

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 16(1), s. 59- 72. Doi: 10.1002/jip.1520 - Full text in research archive

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Evaluation of fraud examinations: The case of inappropriate accounting practices at Fuji Xerox

Deviant Behavior, 40(11), s. 1421- 1427. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2018.1559640 - Full text in research archive

There is a growing business for global auditing firms and local law firms as well as independent detectives to conduct forensic investigations at client organizations when there is suspicion of white-collar misconduct and crime. Client organizations normally do not disclose investigation reports. An investigation report concerned with inappropriate accounting practices at Fuji Xerox in New Zealand is publicly available. This article presents an evaluation of the investigation. Specifically, this article focuses on the mandate, where examiners were asked to find causes of misconduct. Examiners present eight reasons for inappropriate accounting practices. However, as discussed in this evaluation, the report of investigation presents little or no evidence for most of the causes.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Fraud & Corruption - A Convenience Perspective

Universal-Publishers.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Transnational cybercrime and cybercrime by transnational organisations

Mitsilegas, Valsamis; Hufnagel, Saskia, Moiseienko, Anton, Yanan, Shi & Mingxiang, Liu (red.). Transnational Crime: European and Chinese Perspectives

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Empirical evidence of convenience theory: Reports of investigations by fraud examiners

Deviant Behavior, 40(1), s. 110- 121. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1411045

Convenience theory attempts to integrate various theoretical explanations for the occurrence of white-collar crime. Convenience theory suggests that organizational opportunity to commit and conceal financial crime is at the core of deviant behavior to avoid threats and exploit possibilities. This article presents an empirical test of convenience theory by content analysis of investigation reports by fraud examiners. Empirical evidence suggests that convenience orientation was indeed present among suspected offenders.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Norwegian approach to private internal investigations: An empirical study of mandates for fraud examiners

International Criminal Justice Review, 29(1), s. 48- 58. Doi: 10.1177/1057567717739337

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Evaluation of Fraud Examinations: A Contingent Approach to Private Internal Investigations

Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(4), s. 386- 396. Doi: 10.1093/police/pax052

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Application of convenience theory and evaluation of Fraud examination: The case of the Deloitte investigation of the Sheriff's Office in Philadelphia

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 7(1), s. 79- 99. - Full text in research archive

Fraud examiners from global accounting firms and local law firms are hired by private and public organizations to investigate suspicion of financial crime committed by white-collar offenders. Reports of the investigations are the result of work that provides insight into both fraudulent behavior as well as examination performance. Unfortunately, most reports are kept confidential. In this article, a publicly available report is reviewed. Evidence of convenience is found in motive, opportunity and willingness with regard to deviant behavior in organizational contexts. Furthermore, investigation strategies, investigation processes and investigation result are reviewed. A later court verdict is presented, which puts the fraud examination in perspective.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Health Care Fraud by Public Hospitals as Corporate White-Collar Crime: A Convenience Perspective

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 10(2), s. 1- 14.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Facts or knowledge? A Review of private internal reports of investigations by Fraud examiners

International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, 7(2), s. 165- 187. - Full text in research archive

The purpose of this article is to reflect on the difference between facts and knowledge, as we suggest that knowledge is facts combined with interpreta-tion, context, and reflection. The distinction is important when investigators search for causality. The reason for misconduct in organizations, and thus whom to blame, is dependent on a thorough interpretation and reflection on facts studied in the proper context. This article presents a sample of seven-teen investigation reports by fraud examiners to illustrate the difference be-tween facts and knowledge. When facts remain facts, then the blame game can easily occur. This article first presents the theory of convenience to ex-plain financial misconduct in organizations, and the blame game hypothesis, before we introduce the sample. The purpose of this article is not to criti- cize generally the work that fraud examiners do in private internal investiga-tions for their clients. Rather it intends to reflect upon the difference between facts and knowledge when it comes to reasons for deviance in organizations. Causality is difficult to establish, and it seems tempting to some fraud exam-iners to enter into the blame game to make sure that they draw conclusions from investigations that clients have paid for.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Suspicion of white-collar crime: A case study of retaliation against whistle-blowers

International Criminal Justice Review, s. 1- 12. Doi: 10.1177/1057567718814286

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Organizational convenience for white-collar crime: Opportunity expansion by offender behavior

Criminal justice studies, s. 1- 11. Doi: 10.1080/1478601X.2018.1534104 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience suggests that the extent of white-collar crime is dependent on financial motive, organizational opportunity, and willingness for deviant behavior. Organizational opportunity is at the core of convenience theory, where privileged and powerful offenders have legitimate access to resources in their professions to commit and conceal financial crime. This article introduces a dynamic perspective of organizational opportunity where a white-collar offender can cause opportunity expansion over time. Based on agency theory, social disorganization theory, and blame game theory, a case study is presented. The case study is concerned with a chief financial officer (CFO) who applied several opportunity expansion techniques before he conveniently was able to commit and conceal embezzlement in the business where he was employed.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Convenience triangle in white-collar crime: Case studies of relationships between motive, opportunity, and willingness

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 55, s. 80- 87. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2018.10.001 - Full text in research archive

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the potential relationships between motives, opportunities, and willingness to commit financial crime by white-collar offenders. We apply the theory of convenience to study six cases that link three constructs concerned with white-collar crime. For example, a strong motive for illegal profit or a strong willingness to commit financial crime can lead to opportunity expansion in an organizational context. The theory of convenience suggests that financial crime is a convenient option for white-collar offenders when there is an economical motive, an organizational opportunity, and a personal willingness. Convenience is defined as taking the handiest or easiest way to achieve a goal. Convenience orientation is conceptualized as the value that individuals place on actions with inherent characteristics of saving time and effort as well as avoiding pain, suffering, and uncertainty. The theory of convenience has three dimensions: (1) a desire for financial gain based on threats and possibilities, (2) an organizational opportunity to commit and conceal financial crime, and (3) a personal willingness for deviant behavior

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Fraud examiners in private investigations of white-collar crime

Kratcoski, Peter C. & Edelbacher, Maximillian (red.). Fraud and Corruption: Major Types, Prevention, and Control

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Convenience theory on crime in the corporate sector

Kratcoski, Peter C. & Edelbacher, Maximillian (red.). Fraud and Corruption: Major Types, Prevention, and Control

Gottschalk, Petter & Gunnesdal, Lars (2018)

Social Security Fraud Versus White-Collar Crime

Roberson, Cliff (red.). Routledge Handbook of Social, Economic, and Criminal Justice

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Internal investigations of white-collar crime

Engemann, Kurt (red.). The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Collapse and recovery after white-collar crime

Engemann, Kurt (red.). The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Analysis of economic crime in religious institutions using convenience theory: What is so special about motive, opportunity and willingness

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 10(1), s. 1- 15. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2018.10.001 - Full text in research archive

There is a research debate whether or not religious people demonstrate less delinquent behavior in terms of white-collar crime. This article focuses on those members of religious institutions who become offenders, and the article attempts to explain their behavior by the theory of convenience. Convenience theory suggests that the extent of white-collar crime is determined by financial motive, organizational opportunity, and personal willingness. As described in this article, religiosity may influence motive, opportunity, as well as willingness. The motive can be a greater good, the opportunity can be the lack of control because of trust, and the willingness can be the availability of forgiveness.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Convenience orientation and white-collar criminogenity: An empirical study

Deviant Behavior, 39(11), s. 1419- 1426. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2018.1479918 - Full text in research archive

The theory of convenience suggests that white-collar crime is committed in situations where alternative legitimate actions to avoid problems are more painful and stressful. The extent to which individuals in privileged positions choose to break the law in difficult situations is dependent on their convenience orientation. For example, people with a strong convenience orientation can have a tendency to believe that bankruptcy might be avoided through tax evasion and bank fraud. However, the empirical study in this article provides limited support for the suggestion that convenience orientation has a direct influence on the propensity to crime in terms of criminogenity. Rather, there can be several statistically significant effects from convenience that are indirectly related to criminogenity. The most significant effect is that more conveniently oriented respondents believe that financial crime can solve problems and contribute to exploit possibilities.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Whistleblowing - White-Collar Fraud Signal Detection

Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Opportunistic behavior in the principal-agent model of policing: The case of a convicted field officer in Norway

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 20(2), s. 109- 115. Doi: 10.1177/1461355718763453 - Full text in research archive

Whereas the criminal justice system is designed to determine whether a police officer as an offender is guilty or innocent, the principal–agent model of policing can provide insights into police officer behavior in law enforcement. Agency theory suggests that the chief as a principal and the field officer as an agent may have different preferences, varying knowledge, and opposite risk willingness when it comes to policing. For example, goals may justify means. In this article, the case of a convicted police officer in Norway is discussed based on principal–agent theory.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Negative organizational dynamics as enabler of white-collar crime

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 20(2), s. 116- 123. Doi: 10.1177/1461355718763455 - Full text in research archive

Policing white-collar crime continues to be a critical issue for law enforcement all over the world. Organizational dynamics is an interesting perspective on white-collar crime. Organizational dynamics can cause a downward spiral, leading to misconduct and crime. During the downward spiral, the tendency to commit white-collar crime increases. It becomes more convenient to commit crime in comparison with alternative actions when crises or opportunities emerge. Convenience theory suggests that white-collar crime can be an attractive option for executives and others in the elite. In this article, negative organizational dynamics is explained by institutional theory, social disorganization theory, slippery slope theory, neutralization theory, and differential association theory.

Gottschalk, Petter & Gunnesdal, Lars (2018)

White-collar crime in the shadow economy. Lack of detection, investigation, and conviction compared to social security fraud

Palgrave Pivot.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Convenience in criminal entrepreneurship: The case of a Norwegian hashish baron

Deviant Behavior, s. 1- 9. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1422456

The intent of this article is to study a case of criminal entrepreneurship, which reflects the key attributes of convenience theory in order to test that theory. The intent is also to show that the theory of convenience can be extended beyond white-collar crime to include criminal entrepreneurship. The theory of convenience is introduced in this article to explain why criminal entrepreneurship can be an attractive avenue for some people. Convenience theory suggests that a strong desire for financial gain to satisfy greed and solve problems, an attractive organizational opportunity to commit and conceal crime, as well as a personal willingness for deviant behavior can make criminal entrepreneurship attractive. The case of a Norwegian hashish baron illustrates convenience theory by the person’s ability to stay in the illegal drug business for two decades as a white-collar criminal.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Blame game in private investigation reports: The case of Deloitte examination at Telenor VimpelCom

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 15(2), s. 99- 108. Doi: 10.1002/jip.1493

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Approaches to the empirical study of convenience theory for white-collar crime

Deviant Behavior, 39(12), s. 1600- 1614. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1410623 - Full text in research archive

Convenience theory suggests that members of the elite in society commit financial crime in their professional roles when alternative actions require too much effort. Convenience is a relative concept where white-collar crime is chosen over legitimate actions when there is a strong economical motive, ample organizational opportunities, and acceptance of deviant behavior. To study convenience theory, four investigations are presented in this article: statistical sample of white-collar criminals, autobiographies by white-collar criminals, internal investigations of white-collar crime, and student elicitation on white-collar crime. The strongest relationship within convenience theory seems to be the effect from willingness to commit crime based on deviant behavior on organizational opportunity to commit white-collar crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Fraud Investigation. Case Studies of Crime Signal Detection

Routledge.

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Integrity, objectivity, and accountability in private internal white-collar crime investigations: The case of Moscow school investigation in Norway

Deviant Behavior, 39(5), s. 617- 631. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1286180

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Empirical study of convenience theory: A student elicitation on white-collar crime

Deviant Behavior, 39(6), s. 747- 757. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1305203

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Entrepreneurs in white-collar crime: A convenience perspective

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 5(2), s. 47- 55. Doi: 10.1515/ijek-2017-0010

White-collar crime can be a convenient alternative for privileged individuals who want to enrich themselves. Their occupational positions enable them to commit and conceal offenses among legal activities. This is especially the case, when the offender has sole responsibility for entrepreneurial tasks that involve substantial amounts of money, as illustrated by the four executives presented in this article. One simple learning point from this article is that nobody – including chair persons, chief executives, and presidents – should ever have sole responsibility for tasks involving money on behalf of the organization.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Silence is Golden? The Case of Two Whistleblowers in a Norwegian Municipality

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 6(1), s. 6- 28. - Full text in research archive

Characteristics and experiences of whistleblowers are an important field of research for work and organizational psychology. Detection and prevention of misconduct and crime is dependent on people internally who are not afraid to speak up and tell about their observations. Two key employees in the municipality of Grimstad in Norway reported separately about critical financial incidents in procurement of health services. They were ignored by the perceived power elite in the municipality. At the time of writing this research article, both whistleblowers are on sick leave. This article presents two whistleblowers who – despite perceived retaliation and reprisals - are willing to do it again. They simply define it as part of their job.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Too big to fail, too powerful to jail? A convenience perspective by private internal investigations

European Journal of Policing Studies, 5(2), s. 47- 60.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

A gender perspective on Corruption: The case of building permits

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 9(3), s. 40- 55.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Maturity Levels for private internal investigations: The case of fraud examinations

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 19(4), s. 285- 293. Doi: 10.1177/1461355717733139 - Full text in research archive

The purpose of private internal investigations by fraud examiners is to reconstruct the past by identifying past events and sequences of events. In this article, work by fraud examiners can be studied in terms of maturity, where we introduce a five-stage model for investigation maturity: chaos, mess, disclosure, clarification, and investment. Based on student term papers in a financial crime class, a sample of six investigation reports are allocated to levels in the maturity model. The average score for investigation reports is level 3 disclosure, where the investigation is problem-oriented and often limited by the mandate. Based on the low average score, this article discusses privatization of law enforcement, secrecy of investigation reports, lack of disclosure to the police, competence of private investigators, and limits by investigation mandate.

Gottschalk, Petter & Gunnesdal, Lars (2017)

Expert elicitation to estimate the size of an iceberg based on the tip: Some methodological challenges in determining the magnitude of white-collar crime

International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 12(2), s. 224- 236. Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1034666 - Full text in research archive

Expert elicitation is a research method designed to make estimations in areas where we have no knowledge, only indicators and experiences. By systematic interviews of experts, we tried to estimate the magnitude of white-collar crime in Norway. On our way to a final answer, we were faced with a number of obstacles in our research design. This article reports from our research journey by communicating our learning from methodological challenges when applying expert elicitation to estimate the size of an iceberg based on knowledge about the tip of the iceberg. In particular, participation refusals and response confusions are discussed. This article presents results from a study where we engaged an expert panel to estimate a number of parameters that can determine the total amount of money lost yearly because of white-collar crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Organizational Opportunity and Deviant Behavior: Convenience in White-Collar Crime

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter & Gunnesdal, Lars (2017)

Tip of the iceberg in white-collar crime convictions: Lack of detection or lack of prosecution

International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 7(2), s. 113- 126. Doi: 10.1504/IJBCRM.2017.086068

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

When private internal investigators turn against the whistleblower: The case of Norwegian police

International Journal of Police Science and Management, s. 1- 9. Doi: 10.1177/1461355717730835 - Full text in research archive

The business of fraud examiners in private internal investigations is important to many auditing firms and law firms. They are hired by public and private organizations when there are suspicions of misconduct and financial crime. Suspicions are sometimes disclosed by whistleblowers who attempt to tell what they perceive as illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices. This article presents a case from the Norwegian police, where whistleblowers expressed concerns about overtime, use of private cars, and procurement of equipment for personal use. The main whistleblower was also the ombudsman in the organization, where he repeated his accusations and allegations so frequently that he ended up being the main subject in the private internal investigation. This study finds partly support for the blame game hypothesis.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Private police legitimacy: The case of internal investigations by fraud examiners

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 40(3), s. 628- 640. Doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2016-0053 - Full text in research archive

Fraud examiners in white-collar crime investigations represent private policing of financial crime. Examiners in crime investigations reconstruct the past to create an account of who did what to make it happen or let it happen. This article addresses the following research question: What is the legitimacy of private policing by fraud examiners? A number of critical issues based on institutional theory and social psychology issues are discussed, that question the legitimacy of private policing of financial crime.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

White-collar crime: Detection and neutralization in religious organizations

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 19(2), s. 120- 126. Doi: 10.1177/1461355717711453 - Full text in research archive

Policing religious organizations presents challenging situations. When there is suspicion of financial crime by white-collar criminals, secrecy and trust represent obstacles to law enforcement. This article discusses the lack of detection and neutralization techniques often applied in religious organizations. There may be too much trust, too much freedom, too much individual authority, too little scepticism, too much loyalty and too little control of the financial side in religious organizations. There may be no empirical evidence for the proposition that religion has a deterrent effect on crime, although sociologists and criminologists have long recognized potential links between religious belief and delinquent behaviour.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

How to assess work by fraud examiners: Evaluation criteria for private internal investigations

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 9(1), s. 1- 14. Doi: 10.4324/9780429343087

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

CEOs and white-collar crime: A convenience perspective

Palgrave Macmillan.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Convenience in white-collar crime: A resource perspective

RISK GOVERNANCE AND CONTROL: FINANCIAL MARKETS & INSTITUTIONS, 7(2), s. 28- 37. Doi: 10.22495/rgcv7i2art3

Gottschalk, Petter & Benson, Michael (2017)

Public service motivation theory

Gottschalk, Petter & Statinslas, Perry (red.). Public Corruption: Regional and National Perspectives on Procurement Fraud

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Neutralization theory of public corruption

Gottschalk, Petter & Statinslas, Perry (red.). Public Corruption: Regional and National Perspectives on Procurement Fraud

Gottschalk, Petter & Statinslas, Perry (2017)

Public Corruption: Regional and National Perspectives on Procurement Fraud

CRC Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Maturity levels for outlaw groups: The case of criminal street gangs

Deviant Behavior, 38(11), s. 1267- 1278. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2016.1248713 - Full text in research archive

The maturity of street gangs varies among groups as well as among countries where gangs are present. In this article, a four stage model for maturity is introduced to help define the threat represented by outlaw groups. Maturity models can serve several important purposes. First, a contingent approach to law enforcement implies that the police and other government agencies can apply appropriate measures. Second, law enforcement can distinguish approaches for fighting non-mature gangs versus mature gangs. Third, the evolution of gangs over time provides insights into the mechanisms that make gangs threatening to society.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Convenience in white-collar crime: Introducing a core concept

Deviant Behavior, 38(5), s. 605- 619. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2016.1197585 - Full text in research archive

This article is concerned with white-collar criminals and considers the role of convenience in explaining crime occurrence. The article puts forward convenience as a theoretical concept that underlies existing theories and research on white-collar crime. Convenience seems present in all three dimensions of crime: economic dimension, organizational dimension, and behavioral dimension. Convenience in white-collar crime implies savings in time and effort by privileged and trusted individuals to solve a problem, where alternatives seem less attractive, and future threats of detection and punishment are minimal. The proposed theory of convenience in white-collar crime emerges as an integrated explanation in need of more theoretical work as well as empirical study.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Understanding White-Collar Crime: A Convenience Perspective

CRC Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Knowledge management in criminal investigations: The case of fraud examiners

Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 15(4) Doi: 10.1142/S021964921650043X - Full text in research archive

The activity of private investigations by fraud examiners is a business of lawyers, auditors and other professionals who investigate suspicions of financial crime by white-collar criminals. Private investigations represent an interesting and unique field of knowledge management. In this paper, a number of private internal investigation reports or cases are evaluated in terms of their knowledge management approaches. The core message from all cases evaluated is that a contingent knowledge management approach is needed in internal investigations. The situation should determine what kind of knowledge to apply in a specific investigative challenge. Legal knowledge seems to dominate many investigations, where forensic accounting knowledge and management consulting knowledge might have been more appropriate

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Limits to private internal investigations of white-collar crime suspicions: The case of Scandinavian bank Nordea in tax havens

Cogent Social Sciences, 2, s. 1- 14. Doi: 10.1080/23311886.2016.1254839

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Explaining White-Collar Crime: The Concept of Convenience in Financial Crime Investigations

Palgrave Pivot.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Private policing of financial crime: Fraud examiners in white-collar crime investigations

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 18(3), s. 173- 183. Doi: 10.1177/1461355716647744

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Blame Game and Rotten Apples in Private Investigation Reports: The Case of Hadeland and Ringerike Broadband in Norway

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 13(2), s. 91- 109. Doi: 10.1002/jip.1440

Gottschalk, Petter & Smith, Cathy (2016)

Detection of white-collar corruption in public procurement in Norway: The role of whistleblowers

International Journal of procurement management, 9(4), s. 427- 443. Doi: 10.1504/IJPM.2016.077703

Gottschalk, Petter & Markovic, Vesna (2016)

Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs): The case of combating criminal biker gangs

International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 11(1), s. 30- 44.

Benson, Michael D. & Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Gender and white-collar crime in Norway: An empirical study of media reports

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 43(4), s. 535- 552. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.01.001

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Kjennetegn ved hvitsnippforbrytere

Magma forskning og viten, 18(6), s. 30- 37.

Bystrova, Elena & Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Social conflict theory and white-collar criminals: Why does the ruling class punish their own?

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 7(1), s. 1- 15.

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

The Context of Online Abuse: Policy and Legislation

Webster, Stephen; Davidson, Julia & Bifulco, Antonia (red.). Online Offending Behaviour and Child Victimization - New Findings and Policy

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Stages-of-growth in outsourcing, offshoring and backsourcing: Back to the future?

Journal of Computer Information Systems, 55(2), s. 88- 94. Doi: 10.1080/08874417.2015.11645760

Webster, Steven; Gottschalk, Petter & Davidson, Julia (2015)

Understanding Online Grooming: Findings from the EOGP study

Webster, Stephen; Davidson, Julia & Bifulco, Antonia (red.). Online Offending Behaviour and Child Victimization - New Findings and Policy

Gottschalk, Petter & Smith, Robert (2015)

Gender and white-collar crime: examining representations of women in media?

Journal of Gender Studies, 24(3), s. 310- 325. Doi: 10.1080/09589236.2013.841571

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Knowledge management in the police force

Örtenblad, Anders (red.). Handbook of Research on Knowledge Management: Adaptation and Context

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Knowledge management in law firms

Örtenblad, Anders (red.). Handbook of Research on Knowledge Management: Adaptation and Context

Wilberg, Erik & Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Media role in white-collar crime detection in Norway

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 3(1), s. 105- 125.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Characteristics of financial crime investigation reports by fraud examiners

Journal of Investment Compliance, 15(4), s. 57- 66. Doi: 10.1108/JOIC-04-2014-0014

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Private investigations: suspicions of financial crime by white-collar criminals

Voprosy Rossiiskogo i Mezhdunarodnogo Prava, 4(3-4), s. 19- 47.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Policing financial crime: Challenges in white-collar defense lawyer strategies

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 6(1), s. 1- 19.

Gottschalk, Petter & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2014)

Crime: The amount and disparity of sentencing - A comparison of corporate and occupational white collar criminals

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 42(3), s. 175- 187. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.01.002

Research carried out previously, aimed at examining differences in the length of the sentencing and type of offence, have typically compared white collar and street criminality. The main aim of the current study is to examine the differences in sentence length for white collar occupational and corporate offenders from street crime offenses and to identify which factors eventually could explain such differences. The crime amount was smaller in occupational convictions despite the fact that the average crime amount was significantly less in this group compared to the crime amount among corporate criminals. Socioeconomic status and company size were not found to be associated with the length of the sentence. We discuss whether the difference in length of the sentence could be explained by the fact that occupational crime is committed for the criminals' own purposes or enrichment, while this is often not the case among corporate criminals.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

White-Collar Crime Defence Knowledge: Predictors of Lawyer Fame

Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 13(1), s. 1- 9. Doi: 10.1142/S0219649214500014

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

White-collar attorney defence strategies: an empirical study of a national sample

International Journal of Private Law (IJPL), 7(2), s. 159- 174. Doi: 10.1504/IJPL.2014.060088

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Knowledge Management Strategy in Professional Service Firms

Advances in Management, 7(3), s. 16- 22.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Financial Crime and Kowledge Workers - An Empirical Study of Defense Lawyers and White-Collar Criminals

Palgrave Macmillan.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Policing White-Collar Crime: Characteristics of White-Collar Criminals

CRC Press.

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

The police force : To be or not to be a learning organization?

Örtenblad, Anders (red.). Handbook of research on the learning organization : Adaption and context

Gottschalk, Petter & Glasø, Lars (2013)

A case study of criminal leaders versus criminal followers: an empirical study of white-collar criminals’ characteristics and imprisonment years

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 2(1), s. 55- 77.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Policing white-collar crime

Huotari, Vesa (red.). Policing White-collar Crime. Researching the Police in the Nordic Countries. Proceedings from the Fourth Nordic Police Research Seminar

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Limits to Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of Gjensidige Insurance Company and Hells Angels Motorcycle Club

Corporate Reputation Review, 16(3), s. 177- 186. Doi: 10.1057/crr.2013.11

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Systems in Police Knowledge Management

Al-Fikr Al-Shurti, 22(85), s. 284- 331. Doi: 10.12816/0000134

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

White-collar crime defense strategies

Voprosy Rossiiskogo i Mezhdunarodnogo Prava, 4, s. 19- 37. Doi: 10.1057/9781137387165_4

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

White-collar crime effects on corporate reputation

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 12(3), s. 263- 275. Doi: 10.1504/IJMED.2013.054522

Dean, Geoff & Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Police leadership roles: empirical study of management attitudes

International Journal of Law and Management, 55(4), s. 304- 317. Doi: 10.1108/IJLMA-06-2012-0016

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

White-collar crime lawyers: the case of Transocean in court

International Journal of Private Law (IJPL), 6(4), s. 383- 394. Doi: 10.1504/IJPL.2013.056807

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Victims of White-Collar Crime

Voprosy Rossiiskogo i Mezhdunarodnogo Prava, 3, s. 91- 109.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Fraud versus manipulation by white-collar criminals: an empirical study

International Journal of Private Law (IJPL), 6(1), s. 52- 66. Doi: 10.1504/IJPL.2013.050527

Arnulf, Jan Ketil & Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Heroic leaders as white-collar criminals: an empirical study

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10(1), s. 96- 113. Doi: 10.1002/jip.1370

Filstad, Cathrine; Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2012)

Executives´ knowledge of white-collar Crime: learning to prevent criminal behavior

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 11(3), s. 250- 267. Doi: 10.1504/IJIL.2012.046065

Holgersson, Stefan & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Patrol police officers' professional knowledge : an empirical study of knowledge types in law enforcement

de Guzman, Melchor; Das, Aldeo Mintie & Das, Dilip K. (red.). Strategic responses to crime: thinking locally, acting globally

Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Organizational culture in the Norwegian Counter Terrorist Unit

de Guzman, Melchor; Das, Aldeo Mintie & Das, Dilip K. (red.). Strategic responses to crime: thinking locally, acting globally

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Police criminality and neutralization: an empirical study of court cases

Police Practice & Research, 13(6), s. 501- 512. Doi: 10.1080/15614263.2012.656412

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Rotten Apples versus Rotten Barrels in White Collar Crime: A Qualitative Analysis of White Collar Offenders in Norway

International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 7(2), s. 575- 590. Doi: 10.1504/ijbcrm.2012.047067

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Internal Versus External Detection of White-Collar Criminals: An Empirical Study

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 3/4(4/1), s. 15- 32. Doi: 10.1504/ijpl.2013.050527

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

White-collar criminals in Norway: An empirical study

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(3), s. 211- 222. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2012.03.005

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Gender and white-collar crime: only four percent female criminals

Journal of Money Laundering Control, 15(3), s. 362- 373. Doi: 10.1108/13685201211238089

Arnulf, Jan Ketil & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Principals, Agents and Entrepreneurs in White-Collar Crime: An Empirical Typology of White-Collar Criminals in a National Sample

Journal of Strategic Management Education, 8(3)

Gottschalk, Petter & Glomseth, Rune (2012)

Attitudes of police managers to different leadership roles in their jobs : an empirical study in Norway

Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1), s. 23- 29. Doi: 10.1002/jls.21225

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Conceptual framework for police deviance applied to police crime court cases

International Journal of Law and Management, 54(3), s. 222- 233. Doi: 10.1108/17542431211228629

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Rotten apple or rotten barrel: an empirical study of white-collar criminals in Norway

International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 3(2), s. 167- 177. Doi: 10.1504/IJBCRM.2012.047067

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2012)

Prevention of White-Collar Crime by Knowledge and Learning in Business Organizations: An Empirical Study of Chief Financial Officer Management

International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, 1(1), s. 45- 54.

Gottschalk, Petter & Ørn, Morten Espen (2012)

Crime mapping in police value shops: the Pocket Man case of child sexual abuse

Criminal justice studies, 25(1), s. 3- 16. Doi: 10.1080/1478601X.2012.657899

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

White-collar crime and police crime: rotten apples or rotten barrels?

Critical Criminology, 20(2), s. 169- 182. Doi: 10.1007/s10612-011-9133-0

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Characteristics of White-Collar Criminals: An Norwegian Study

Journal of Money Laundering Control, 15(2) Doi: 10.1108/13685201211218199

Gottschalk, Petter; Dean, Geoff & Glomseth, Rune (2012)

Police misconduct and crime: bad apples or systems failure?

Journal of Money Laundering Control, 15(1), s. 6- 24. Doi: 10.1108/13685201211194709

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Media detection of white-collar criminals

Journal of Media Studies, 26(2), s. 124- 142. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68916-6_3

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Leadership roles in police service management and occupational culture

International Journal of Services and Standards, 7(3/4), s. 235- 248. Doi: 10.1504/IJSS.2011.045050

Ditlev-Simonsen, Caroline Dale & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Stages of growth model for corporate social responsibility

International Journal of Corporate Governance, 2(3/4), s. 268- 287. Doi: 10.1504/IJCG.2011.044378

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Chief executive officers as white-collar criminals: an empirical study

International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 6(4), s. 385- 396. Doi: 10.1504/IJBGE.2011.044737

Gottschalk, Petter & Holgersson, Stefan (2011)

Whistle-blowing in the police

Police Practice & Research, 12(5), s. 397- 409. Doi: 10.1080/15614263.2010.536723

Gottschalk, Petter & Smith, Robert (2011)

Criminal entrepreneurship, white-collar criminality, and neutralization theory

Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 5(4), s. 300- 308. Doi: 10.1108/17506201111177334

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Executive positions involved in white-collar crime

Journal of Money Laundering Control, 14(4), s. 300- 312. Doi: 10.1108/13685201111173785

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Becoming a learning organization: The espoused values of police managers from two Norwegian districts

Learning Organization, 18(6), s. 486- 500. Doi: 10.1108/09696471111171321

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

A dark side of computing and information sciences: Characteristics of online groomers

Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences (CIS), 2(9), s. 447- 455.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Stage model for online grooming offenders

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (red.). Internet Child Abuse – Current Research and Policy

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Characteristics of the Internet and child abuse

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (red.). Internet Child Abuse – Current Research and Policy

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Internet Child Abuse – Current Research and Policy

Routledge.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Public Leadership in Police Oversight

Ramírez, Justin A. (red.). Public Leadership

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Corporate Social Responsibility, Governance and Corporate Reputation

World Scientific.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Police Misconduct and Crime: A Gender Study of Crime Types From Court Cases

Professional Issues in Criminal Justice, 6(3&4), s. 75- 88.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Stages of Information Systems in E-Government for Knowledge Management: The Case of Police Investigations

Weerakkody, Vishanth (red.). Applied Technology Integration in Governmental Organizations: New E-Government Research

Gottschalk, Petter & Ørn, Morten Espen (2011)

Information Computing in Crime Mapping: The Pocket Man Case of Criminal Child Sexual Abuse

Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences (CIS), 2(4), s. 173- 181. Doi: 10.1080/1478601x.2012.657899

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Coding and analysing police crime court cases

The Police Journal, 83(4), s. 339- 363. Doi: 10.1350/pojo.2010.83.4.502

Dean, Geoff & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Continuum of police crime: an empirical study of court cases

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 13(1), s. 16- 28. Doi: 10.1350/ijps.2011.13.1.222

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Hole, Åse Storhaug (2011)

Professional values in knowledge organisations: the case of police districts

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 13(1), s. 87- 102. Doi: 10.1350/ijps.2011.13.1.213

Gottschalk, Petter; Filstad, Cathrine, Glomseth, Rune & Solli-Sæther, Hans Arthur (2011)

Information management for investigation and prevention of white-collar crime

International Journal of Information Management, 31(3), s. 226- 233. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.07.002

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Hole, Åse Storhaug (2011)

Management position as determinant of leadership roles in police districts

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 10(1), s. 20- 30. Doi: 10.1504/IJMED.2011.039656

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Characteristics of the Internet for criminal child sexual abuse by online groomers

Criminal justice studies, 24(1), s. 23- 36. Doi: 10.1080/1478601X.2011.544188

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Prevention of White-Collar Crime: The Role of Accounting

Journal of Forensic Accounting, 3(1), s. 23- 48.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans Arthur (2011)

Financial crime in business organizations: an empirical study

Journal of Financial Crime, 18(1), s. 76- 92. Doi: 10.1108/13590791111098816

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Performance evaluation of police oversight agencies

Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 21(1), s. 96- 109. Doi: 10.1080/10439463.2010.540653

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Actions on Suspicion of White-Collar Crime in Business Organizations: An Empirical Study of Intended Responses by Chief Financial Officers

Professional Issues in Criminal Justice, 6(1&2), s. 41- 51. Doi: 10.1504/ijbge.2011.044737

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Police Misconduct Behaviour: An Empirical Study of Court Cases

Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 5(2), s. 172- 179. Doi: 10.1093/police/par019

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans Arthur (2011)

Influence of white-collar crime on corporate reputation: an opinion survey of chief financial officers

International Journal of Corporate Governance, 2(2), s. 95- 105. Doi: 10.1504/IJCG.2011.041149

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Management challenges in law enforcement: the case of police misconduct and crime

International Journal of Law and Management, 53(3), s. 169- 181. Doi: 10.1108/17542431111133409

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Determinants of Court Sentences for Crime committed by Police Officials: an Empirical Application of the Conceptual Framework for Police Deviance

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 3(2), s. 125- 139. Doi: 10.1108/17542431211228629

Gottschalk, Petter & Glomseth, Rune (2011)

The impact of information systems and technology on police investigative effectiveness in Norway

Albrecht, James F. & Das, Dilip K. (red.). Effective crime reduction strategies : international perspectives

Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Organizational culture within the Norwegian counterterrorism unit : heightened responsibility and stress following recent international terrorist attacks

Albrecht, James F. & Das, Dilip K. (red.). Effective crime reduction strategies : international perspectives

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Knowledge strategy for financial crime prevention

Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences (CIS), 1(1), s. 1- 10.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Policing organizes crime: Intelligence strategy implementation

CRC Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

White-collar crime: Detection, prevention and strategy in business enterprises

Universal-Publishers.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Women Leadership in Organized Crime

Nardi, Vincent (red.). Feminism and Women in Leadership

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Police management challenges: Motive and brutality as determinants of jail sentence for crime by police officers

Management Online Review

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Maturity levels for police oversight agencies

The Police Journal, 82(4), s. 315- 330.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Determinants of court sentences for police crime: an empirical application of the conceptual framework for police deviance

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 2(4), s. 83- 96.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

White-Collar Criminals - Theoretical and Managerial Perspectives of Financial Crime

Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

The Modeling Process for Stage Models

Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 20(3), s. 279- 293. Doi: 10.1080/10919392.2010.494535

Gottschalk, Petter & Stedje, Siri (2010)

Crime and motive as predictors of jail sentence for police misconduct

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 38(2), s. 49- 58. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2010.02.001

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2010)

Computer Information Systems in Financial Crime Investigations

Journal of Computer Information Systems, s. 41- 49.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2010)

Management involvement in financial crime: an empirical study of white-collar crime

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 9(1), s. 76- 86.

Gottschalk, Petter & Dean, Geoff (2010)

Knowledge management in policing: The case of police complaints and police crime

The Police Journal, 83(2), s. 93- 95.

Gottschalk, Petter & Dean, Geoff (2010)

Stages of knowledge management systems in policing financial crime

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 38(3), s. 94- 108. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2010.09.001

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Entrepreneurship in organised crime

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business (IJESB), 9(3), s. 295- 307.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

When I seem more important than T in IT: The case of police intelligence

International Journal of Strategic Technology and Applications, 1(1), s. 8- 22.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

A contingent approach to policing organized crime

Criminal justice studies, 23(1), s. 21- 31.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Crime-based survey instrument for police integrity measurement

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 33(1), s. 52- 68. Doi: 10.1108/13639511011020593

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Police integrity surveys: a court-based survey approach

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 8(3), s. 243- 259.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Theories of financial crime

Journal of Financial Crime, 17(2), s. 210- 222.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Knowledge management technology for organized crime risk assessment

Information Systems Frontiers, 12(3), s. 267- 275. Doi: 10.1007/s10796-009-9178-8

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

White-Collar Crime and Criminals

Management Online Review

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Police Management and Leadership Roles

Management Online Review

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Criminal entrepreneurial behaviour

Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 5(1), s. 63- 76.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Categories of financial crime

Journal of Financial Crime, 17(4), s. 441- 458.

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Collectivism versus individualism in police cultures

International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 10(2), s. 117- 135.

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Knowing in mobile organizations - trust and knowledge sharing in virtual teams

International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 4(3), s. 269- 280.

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Creating a learning organization in law enforcement: Maturity levels for police oversight agencies

Learning Organization, 17(5), s. 404- 418.

Bell, Peter; Dean, Geoff & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Information management in law enforcement: The case of police intelligence strategy implementation

International Journal of Information Management, 30(4), s. 343- 349. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.01.002

Gottschalk, Petter & Gudmundsen, Yngve S. (2010)

An empirical study of intelligence strategy implementation

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 12(1), s. 55- 68.

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Organized Crime - Policing Illegal Business Entrepreneurialism

Oxford University Press.

Gottschalk, Petter & Glomseth, Rune (2010)

The role of police oversight organizations: a systems perspective

International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 4(4), s. 402- 416.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Hole, Åse Storhaug (2010)

Leadership roles in police district management

Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 2(4)

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Interoperability in electronic government: The case of police investigations

International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 5(4), s. 14- 27.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Flow chart and road map in law enforcement: The case of organised crime

The Police Journal, 81(4), s. 279- 293.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

E-Government Interoperability: Frameworks for Aligned Development

Sahu, Dwivedi, Weerakkody (eds), E-Government Development and Diffusion: Inhibitors and FAcilitators of Digital Democracy

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2009)

Interoperability in E-Government: Stages of Growth

Chhabra and Kumar (eds), Integrating E-Business Models for Government Solutions: Citizen-Centric Service Oriented Methodologies and Processes

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Maturity levels for interoperability in digital government

Government Information Quarterly: an international journal of information technology management, policies, and practices, 26(1), s. 75- 81. Doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2008.03.003

Rosendahl, Tom & Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Stages of integrated market communication in tourism

Information Technology & Tourism, 11, s. 129- 138.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2009)

Value configuration as determinant of IT operating systems outsourcing

International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 3(2), s. 135- 147.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2009)

Towards a stage theory for industrial management research

Industrial management & data systems, 109(8-9), s. 1264- 1273. Doi: 10.1108/02635570911002315

Gottschalk, Petter & Kristoffersen, Ragnar (2009)

Understaning the process of online grooming: The behavior of men who target young people online in Norway

International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics, 1(4), s. 1- 18.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2009)

Entrepreneurship in organized crime: Career stages in gangs

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 6(4), s. 448- 460.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2009)

Is 'strategy' always strategy for police intelligence and analysis in Norway

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 6(4), s. 438- 447.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2009)

Knowledge management in law firm business

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(3), s. 432- 442.

Gottschalk, Petter; Holgersson, Stefan & Karlsen, Jan T. (2009)

How knowledge organizations work: The case of detectives

Learning Organization, 16(2), s. 88- 102.

Gottschalk, Petter & Gudmundsen, Yngve S. (2009)

Police culture as determinant of intelligence strategy implementation

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 11(2), s. 170- 182.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Value configurations in organised crime

Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 19(1), s. 47- 57. Doi: 10.1080/10439460802457701

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Entrepreneurs in organised crime

Management Online Review

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Illegal entrepreneurialism as determinant of organized business crime maturity

International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 3(3), s. 297- 308.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Policing police crime: The case of criminals in Norwegian police

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 11(4), s. 429- 441.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Law enforcement strategy implementation: The case of police intelligence strategy

Criminal justice studies, 22(3), s. 273- 280.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Predictors of police crime sentence

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 17, s. 293- 307.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Interoperability in electronic government: The case of police investigations

International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 5(4), s. 14- 27.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Information sources in police intelligence

The Police Journal, 82, s. 149- 170.

Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

How knowledge organizations work: The case of real estate agencies

International Real Estate Review, 12(1), s. 88- 97.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Policing Financial Crime: Intelligence Strategy Implementation

BrownWalker Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Knowledge management in police oversight : Law enforcement integrity and accountability

BrownWalker Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Entrepreneurship and Organised Crime: Entrepreneurs in Illegal Business

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Police personnel cultures: A comparative study of counter terrorist and criminal investigation units

Criminal justice studies, 22(1), s. 3- 15.

Filstad, Cathrine; Dean, Geoff, Fahsing, Ivar Andre & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Newcomers’ use of colleagues as role models: Research propositions for investigative thinking styles of law enforcement detectives

Knowledge and Process Management, 14(2), s. 71- 80.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Organizational structure as predictor of intelligence strategy implementation in policing

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 36(3), s. 184- 195. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2008.05.001

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Maturity model for email communication in knowledge organizations: The case of police investigations

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 36(1), s. 54- 66. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijsl.2007.07.002

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Maturity levels for criminal organizations

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 36(2), s. 106- 114. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2007.12.002

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Criminal Entrepreneurship

Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Holgersson, Stefan & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Police officers' professional knowledge

Police Practice & Research, 9(5), s. 365- 377.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Myter og realiteter om outsourcing

Magma forskning og viten, 11(5), s. 87- 94.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Maturity in IT outsourcing relationships: an exploratory study of client companies

Industrial management & data systems, 108(5-6), s. 635- 649. Doi: 10.1108/02635570810876769

Holgersson, Stefan; Gottschalk, Petter & Dean, Geoff (2008)

Operational knowledge of patrolling police officers in Sweden: Management implications

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 5(1), s. 49- 62.

Holgersson, Stefan; Gottschalk, Petter & Dean, Geoff (2008)

Knowledge management in law enforcement: Knowledge views for patrolling police officers

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(1), s. 76- 88.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2008)

Stages of e-government interoperability

Electronic Government, an International Journal, 5(3), s. 310- 320.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Stages of financial crime by business organizations

Journal of Financial Crime, 15(1), s. 38- 48.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Maturity model for email communication in knowledge organizations: The case of police investigations

International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 36(1), s. 54- 66.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Management and enterprise development in criminal organizations

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 5(4), s. 484- 496.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Maturity levels for criminal organizations

International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 36

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Organizational structure as determinant of knowledge management technology in law enforcement

Electronic Government, an International Journal, 5(4), s. 364- 374.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

How criminal organizations work: Some theoretical perspectives

The Police Journal, 81(1), s. 46- 61.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Managing criminal organisations

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(3), s. 289- 301.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Organizational structure as predictor of intelligence strategy implementation in policing

International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 36(3), s. 184- 195.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Managing resources for criminal entrepreneurship

Advances in Management, 1(8), s. 7- 12.

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Digital forensics in law enforcement: the case of online victimization of children

Electronic Government, an International Journal, 5(4), s. 445- 451.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2008)

How knowledge organizations work: the case of law firms

International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(4), s. 349- 356.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2008)

Mobilisation of strategic Information Technology resources: the influence of knowledge sharing on Information Technology governance

International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 2(3), s. 227- 243.

Berg, Morten Emil; Dean, Geoff, Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2008)

Police management roles as determinants of knowledge sharing attitude in criminal investigations

International Journal of Public Sector Management, 21(3), s. 271- 284.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Kriminelle organisasjoner - hvordan forstå organisert kriminalitet

Fagbokforlaget.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre; Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Characteristics of effective detectives: A content analysis for investigative thinking styles in policing

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 5(6), s. 651- 663.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre; Glomseth, Rune, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Characteristics of effective SIOs: a content analysis for management in police investigations

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 5(6), s. 708- 722.

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre, Gottschalk, Petter, Gottschalk, Petter, Solli-Sæther, Hans & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2008)

Investigative thinking and creativity: An empirical study of police detectives in Norway

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 5(2), s. 170- 185.

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre, Glomseth, Rune, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Capturing knowledge of police investigation: Towards a research agenda

Police Practice & Research, 9(4), s. 343- 358.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Predictors of police officers involvement: An empirical study of occupational culture in the Norwegian anti-terror police

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 5(2), s. 251- 263.

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Qualitative and quantitative study of police investigative thinking styles

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 3(1), s. 76- 87.

A qualitative study of detectives’ investigative thinking in Australia identified four thinking styles: method style, challenge style, skill style and risk style. Multiple item scales were developed for these four constructs in a survey instrument. A quantitative study based on the questionnaire was conducted among detectives in Norway. None of the multiple item scales achieved acceptable reliability. Factor analysis suggests a number of new thinking styles, including entrepreneur style and architect style.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

How knowledge organizations work: the value shop configuration

International Journal of Services and Standards, 3(4), s. 402- 412.

Dean, Geoff & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Knowledge Management in Policing and Law Enforcement: Foundations, Structures, Applications

Oxford University Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

E-post i kunnskapsorganisasjoner

Magma forskning og viten, 10(4), s. 105- 108.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Ledelse i kriminelle organisasjoner

Magma forskning og viten, 10(5), s. 63- 69.

Gottschalk, Petter & Tolloczko, P.C (2007)

Maturity model for mapping crime in law enforcement

Electronic Government, an International Journal, 4(1), s. 59- 67.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2007)

Computer information systems as determinants of police investigation performance: An empirical study

Journal of Computer Information Systems, 47(3), s. 45- 59.

Gottschalk, Petter & Berg, Morten Emil (2007)

Information systems in value shop business of police investigations

International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 1(1), s. 47- 60.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Information technology in the value shop: An empirical study of police investigation performance

International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making, 6(4), s. 751- 765.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Information systems in police knowledge management

Electronic Government, an International Journal, 4(2), s. 191- 203.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

How criminal organizations work: Value chains, value shops and value networks

The Canadian Journal of Police & Security Services, 5(1/2), s. 1- 9.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Predictors of police investigation performance: An empirical study of Norwegian police as value shop

International Journal of Information Management, 27(1), s. 36- 48.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Sharing knowledge in law firms

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 4(3), s. 255- 273.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

How knowledge organizations work: The case of detectives in police investigations

Human Systems Management, 26, s. 173- 180.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Stages of Organized Crime by Corporate Business Organizations

The Canadian Journal of Police & Security Services, 5(3/4), s. 1- 8.

Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Organizational culture as determinant of enterprise information systems use in police investigations

Enterprise Information Systems, 1(4), s. 443- 455.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2007)

Knowledge transfer in IT outsourcing relationships: three international case studies

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 4(2), s. 103- 111.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2007)

Occupational culture as determinant of knowledge sharing and performance in police investigations

International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 35(2), s. 96- 107.

Karlsen, Jan T.; Gottschalk, Petter, Gottschalk, Petter, Glomseth, Rune & Fahsing, Ivar Andre (2007)

Managing police investigation by projects

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 4(4), s. 391- 410.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter, Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2007)

Leadership roles as determinants of criminal investigation performance: An empirical study of Norwegian police as value shop

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 4(2), s. 128- 142.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Occupational culture as determinant of criminal investigation performance: An empirical study of Norwegian police as value shop

International Journal of Management Practice, 2(4), s. 269- 282.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Information technology in values shop activities: An exploratory study of knowledge reuse in Norwegian police investigation

Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(4), s. 111- 222.

Filstad, Cathrine; Dean, Geoff, Fahsing, Ivar Andre, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Newcomer`s use of colleagues as role models: Research propositions for investigative thinking styles of law enforcement detectives

Knowledge and Process Management, 14(2), s. 71- 80.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre; Filstad, Cathrine, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Research propositions for the use of role models in law enforcement: The case of newcomers in police investigations

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 4(5), s. 501- 515.

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Creativity as a determinant of thinking style in police investigation

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 9(2), s. 112- 121.

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Qualitative and quantitative study of police investigation thinking styles

International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 3(1), s. 76- 87.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre; Gottschalk, Petter, Gottschalk, Petter & Dean, Geoff (2007)

In search of police investigative thinking styles: An exploratory study of detectives in Norway and Singapore

International Journal of Learning and Change, 2(1), s. 20- 33.

Ekker, Knut; Andresen, Ragnar & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Predicting outsourcing success : public vs. business sector

Predicting outsourcing success : public vs. business sector

Outsourcing of IT functions in organizations are analyzed with a focus on the contractual arrangement or the informal dynamics of the outsourcing relationship. This paper follows the tradition of the latter approach, introducing the relative importance of conflict management and information sharing as intervening variables explaining outsourcing success. The analysis of the outsourcing experience of 92 public and business organizations in Norway reveals that about 3/4 of the organizations have outsourced some or all of the IT functions. The analysis also reveals that businesses more often organize the outsourcing as a project compared with public organizations. Outsourcing success is most often achieved by business organizations that outsource all or a large proportion of IT functions as a project. The importance of information sharing as an intervening variable also contributes towards explaining variation in outsourcing success, but the importance of conflict management is a marginal variable in this study. The background and intervening variables explain about 25% of the variance in outsourcing success. Further research with a modified operationalization of the intervening variables is necessary to improve the prediction of outsourcing success.

Andresen, Ragnar; Ekker, Knut & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

Critical success factors from outsourcing theories as determinants of leadership roles in IT outsourcing projects

International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 4(4), s. 477- 487.

The contingent approach to management is applied in this paper by making leadership roles dependent on critical success factors. Six leadership roles are made dependent on 11 critical success factors derived from outsourcing theories. An empirical study was conducted in Norway. Results indicate that the most critical success factor for the client organisation is core competence management. Core competence management is best achieved when the outsourcing project manager focuses on the entrepreneurial role.

Andresen, Ragnar; Christensen, Bo H., Ekker, Knut & Gottschalk, Petter (2007)

An IT outsourcing governance model for mobile learning and organization

International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 1(2), s. 184- 197.

Information Technology (IT) governance is concerned with decision rights, resource mobilisation and strategic alignment to achieve more benefits from information systems. In an outsourcing relationship, governance arrangements shift from being intra-organisational to being inter-organisational. Inter-organisational relationships are often based on virtual organisations, especially in offshore arrangements. Mobile learning and organisation will enhance the performance in outsourcing arrangements. A framework to discuss these issues is introduced in this paper in terms of an IT outsourcing governance model. Mechanisms in the model were empirically rated in a survey in Norway.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Managerial roles as predictors of information technology use in police investigations

The Canadian Journal of Police & Security Services, 4(4), s. 171- 177.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Research propositions for knowledge management systems supporting electronic business

International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 3(6), s. 593- 606.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2006)

Managing Successful IT Outsourcing Relationships

Idea Group Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Hva er et verdiverksted?

Magma forskning og viten, 9(5/6), s. 140- 145.

Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Organisasjonskulturen i politiets beredskapstropp

Magma forskning og viten, 9(1), s. 88- 102.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2006)

Project Manager Roles in IT Outsourcing

Engineering Management Journal (EMJ), 18(1), s. 30- 36.

Dean, Geoff; Filstad, Cathrine & Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Knowledge Sharing in Criminal Investigations: An Empirical Study of Norwegian Police as Value Shop

Criminal justice studies, 19(4), s. 423- 437.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2006)

Maturity model for IT outsourcing relationships

Industrial management & data systems, 106

Originality/value - This paper suggests that a long-term IT outsourcing relationship will shift focus as it matures. The original value of the paper is the theory-based stage model having implications for managers in understanding the current and desired situation for an outsourcing relationship.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Research propositions for knowledge management systems supporting it outsourcing relationships

Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46

With changing business environments, the locus of value creation is no longer within the boundaries of a single firm, but occurs instead at the nexus of relationships between parties. With the growing importance of pooling knowledge resources, knowledge management will have to transcend organizational boundaries. Based on current research literature, this paper develops research propositions to study causal aspects of knowledge management systems supporting IT outsourcing relationships. Perspectives from the research literature applied in this paper include knowledge transfer, strategic intent, knowledge management technology stages, intangible assets, resource-based theory, vendor value proposition, value shop, and knowledge strategy.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Stages of knowledge management systems in police investigations

Knowledge-Based Systems, 19, s. 381- 387.

The amount of information that police officers come into contact with in the course of their work is astounding. By identifying stages of growth in knowledge management systems and by identifying examples of applications from police investigations, this paper makes an important contribution to strategic planning of knowledge management systems in law enforcement. The stages are labeled officer-to-technology systems, officer-to-officer systems, officer-to-information systems, and officer-to-application systems. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Expert systems at stage IV of the knowledge management technology stage model: The case of police investigations

Expert Systems With Applications, 31

The ambition level using knowledge management systems can be defined in terms of stages of knowledge management technology. Stage I is labelled end-user-tool systems or person-to-technology, as information technology provides people with tools that improve personal efficiency. Examples are word processing, spreadsheets, and presentation software. Stage 11 is labelled who-knows-what systems or person-to-person, as people use information technology to find other knowledge workers. Examples are yellow-page systems, CVs and intranets. Stage III is labelled what-they-know systems or person-to-information, as information technology provides people with access to information that is typically stored in documents. Examples of documents are contracts, articles, drawings, blueprints, photographs, emails, presentations and reports. Stage IV is labelled how-they-think systems or person-to-system, in which the system is intended to help solve a knowledge problem. Examples are expert systems and business intelligence. This paper documents some of the links between police investigations and knowledge management systems using the stages of growth model for knowledge management technology. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gottschalk, Petter & Holgersson, Stefan (2006)

Stages of knowledge management technology in the value shop: the case of police investigation performance

Expert Systems, 23, s. 183- 193.

This paper is concerned with relationships between the use of information technology at different stages of the knowledge management technology stage model and the performance of police investigation units. The model consists of four stages: officer-to-technology systems, officer-to-officer systems, officer-to-information systems, and officer-to-application systems. The model was applied for information technology business value research, which examines the organizational performance impacts of information technology. In this paper we applied the value configuration of the value shop to describe and measure organizational performance. Based on an empirical study of Norwegian police investigation units, this research found that officer-to-technology systems and officer-to-information systems are the most important systems to improve police investigations in the value shop.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Information systems in value configurations

Industrial management & data systems, 106(1), s. 1060- 1070.

Originahty/value - Traditionally, data systems in industrial management have been supporting value chains. Recently, alternative value configurations have emerged. Specifically, the value shop and the value network are alternative value configurations. This paper makes an important contribution to insights into information systems depending on value configurations. The final section of this paper suggests that industrial management might expand from value chain management to value shop management as firms become electronic businesses.

Glomseth, Rune; Gottschalk, Petter, Gottschalk, Petter & Fahsing, Ivar Andre (2006)

Kunnskapsdeling og dyktighet i politietterforskning

Kunnskapsdeling og dyktighet i politietterforskning

Dean, Geoff; Fahsing, Ivar Andre, Gottschalk, Petter & Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Profiling police investigative thinking: A study of police officers in Norway

International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 34, s. 221- 228.

Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

E-Business Strategy, Sourcing and Governance

Idea Group Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter & Karlsen, Jan T. (2005)

A comparison of leadership roles in internal IT projects versus outsourcing projects

Industrial management & data systems, 105(9), s. 1137- 1149.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2005)

Critical success factors from IT outsourcing theories: an empirical study

Industrial management & data systems, 105(6), s. 685- 702.

Originality/value - This paper demonstrates that a holistic approach to IT outsourcing is needed that recognizes and emphasizes the combination of several critical success factors. The theory-based factors have both divergent and convergent implications for management.

Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

Research propositions for determinants of police investigation performance

Electronic Government, an International Journal, 2(3), s. 292- 304.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2004)

Perspektiver på relasjoner ved outsourcing av IT

Magma forskning og viten, 7(3), s. 77- 88.

Khandelwal, Vijay K & Gottschalk, Petter (2004)

Information Technology Support for Interorganizational Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Study of Law Firms in Norway and Australia

Khosrow-Pour, M. (ed.): Advanced Topics in Information Resources Management

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2004)

Knowledge Management Technology in Law Firms: Stages of Growth

International review of law computers & technology, 18(3)

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2004)

Stages of Knowledge Management Technology: A Comparison of Law Firms in Norway and Australia

?, 1(1)

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2004)

Stages of Growth for Knowledge Management Technology in Law Firms

Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(4), s. 111- 124.

Karlsen, Jan T. & Gottschalk, Petter (2004)

Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer in IT Projects

Engineering Management Journal (EMJ), 16(1), s. 3- 10.

Gottschalk, Petter (2003)

Information technology in inter-organisational knowledge management: the case of law firm clients in Norway

International Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(4), s. 324- 344.

Gottschalk, Petter (2003)

Managing IT Functions

Grembergen, W V (ed.): Strategies for Information Technology Governance

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2003)

Determinants of knowledge management technology projects in Australian law firms

Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(4), s. 92- 105.

Karlsen, Jan T. & Gottschalk, Petter (2003)

An Empirical Evaluation of Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms for IT Projects

Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(1), s. 112- 119.

Khandelwal, Vijay K & Gottschalk, Petter (2003)

Information Technology Support for Interorganizational Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Study of Law Firms in Norway and Australia

Information Resources Management Journal, 16(1), s. 14- 23.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Law Firm Clients as Drivers of Law Firm Change

?, 1

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Advokatfirmaer som kunnskapsbedrifter

Knudtzon, S and Omsted, W (red): Å være advokat

Gottschalk, Petter & Tan, F. (2002)

Information Systems Leadership Roles: An Empirical Study of Information Technology Managers in Norway

Advanced Topics in Global Information Management

Gottschalk, Petter & Khosrowpour, Mehdi (2002)

Key Issues in IS Management in Norway: An Empirical Study Based on Q Methodology

Advanced Topics in Information Resources Management

Gottschalk, Petter & Barnes, S. (2002)

Knowledge management in the professions: a study of IT support in law firms

Knowledge Management Systems

Karlsen, Jan T. & Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Management Roles for Successful IT Projects

International Project Management Journal, 8(1), s. 7- 13.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2002)

Implementation predictors of strategic information systems plans: a comparison of Australian and Norwegian firms

?, 1(4), s. 357- 366.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Benefits from IT support in networked value shops

?, 11(1), s. 99- 120.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

The role of the Chief Information Officer in formal strategic information systems planning

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management (IJTPM), 2(2), s. 93- 101.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Law Firm Clients as Drivers of Law Firm Change II

?

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Empirical Validation Procedure for the Knowledge Management Technology Stage Model

Informing Science, 5(4), s. 189- 218.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2002)

Inter-Organizational Knowledge Management: A comparison of law firms in Norway and Australia

Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42(5), s. 50- 58.

Gottschalk, Petter & Abrahamsen, A.F. (2002)

Plans to utilize electronic marketplaces: the case of B2B procurement markets in Norway

?, 102(6), s. 325- 331.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

A Stages of Growth Model for Knowledge Management Technology in Law Firms

?, 14(2)

Karlsen, Jan T.; Gottschalk, Petter & Andersen, Erling S. (2002)

External or Internal Focus? A Comparison of IT Executive and IT Project Manager Roles

Engineering Management Journal (EMJ), 14(2), s. 5- 11.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Toward a Model of Growth Stages for Knowledge Management Technology in Law Firms

Informing Science, 5(2), s. 79- 93.

Gottschalk, Petter & Krokan, Arne (2002)

Pricing Public Information: The Case of Norwegian Government Policymaking

?, 14(1), s. 137- 149.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Information technology management roles: the case of chief information officers in Norway

International Journal of Information Technology and Management, 1(1), s. 83- 102.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2002)

Global Comparison of Stages of Growth Based on Critical Success Factors

Journal of Global Information Management, 10(2), s. 40- 49.

Welle-Strand, Anne & Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Service and quality of higher education in Norway

Læring gjennom økonomi, system og prosjekt : festskrift til Erling S.Andersen/ Welle-Strand, A. og Gottschalk, P. (red)

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

The changing roles of IT leaders

Strategic information technolgy: opportunities for competitive advantage/Papp,R. (ed.)

Gottschalk, Petter; Solli-Sæther, Hans & Welle-Strand, Anne (2001)

Integration between business planning and information systems planning : an analysis of the role of IS/IT in three different configurations

Læring gjennom økonomi, system og prosjekt : festskrift til Erling S.Andersen

Gottschalk, Petter & Krokan, Arne (2001)

Pricing principles for public information: the case of norwegian goverment policy-making

Læring gjennom økonomi, system og prosjekt: Festskrift til Erling S. Andersen/Gottschalk,P. and Welle-Strand,A. (eds.)

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Content characteristics of formal IT strategy as implementation predictors

Information technolgy management: alternative and adaptive futures/Hachny,R. and D.Dunn (eds.)

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Descriptions of responsibility for implementation: a content analysis of strategic information systems/technology planning documents

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 68(2), s. 207- 221.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Predictors of information technology supprot for inter-organizational knowledge management: lessons learned from law firms in Norway

Knowledge and Process Management, 8(3), s. 186- 194.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Benefits from information and communication technology facilitating inter-organisational knowledge networks: the case of eurojuris law firms in Norway

Journal of Information, Law and Technology, 2

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Key issues in IS management in Norway: an emirical study based on Q methodology

Information Resources Management Journal, 14(2), s. 37- 45.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

The Internet - Business Strategies for Law Firms

?, 3(1)

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

The Changing Roles of IT Leaders

Kunne ikke finne tidsskrift Papp, R

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Content Characteristics of Formal IT Strategy as Implementation Predictors

Kunne ikke finne tidsskrift Dunn, D

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Information Systems Leadership Roles: An Empirical Study of Information Technology Managers in Norway

Journal of Global Information Management, 8(4), s. 43- 52.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Studies of Key Issues in IS Management Around the World

International Journal of Information Management, 20, s. 169- 180.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Knowledge Management Systems: A Comparison of Law Firms and Consulting Firms

Informing Science, 3(3), s. 117- 124.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Predictors of IT support for knowledge management in the professions: an empirical study of law firms in Norway

?, 15, s. 69- 78.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Use of IT in Law Firms as Enabler of Inter-Organisational Knowledge Networks

Journal of Information, Law and Technology

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Strategic knowledge networks: the case of IT support for Eurojuris law firms in Norway

?, 14(1), s. 115- 129.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Information Systems Executives: The Changing Role of New IS/IT Leaders

Informing Science, 3(2), s. 31- 39.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Content characteristics of formal information technology strategy as implementation predictors in Norwegian organisations

Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS), 11

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Use of IT for Knowledge Management in Law Firms

Journal of Information, Law and Technology, ?(3)

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Strategic management of IS/IT functions: the role of the CIO in Norwegian organisations

International Journal of Information Management, 19, s. 389- 399.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Global Comparisons of Key Issues in IS Management: Extending Key Issues Selection Procedure and an Empirical Study in Norway

Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 2(4), s. 41- 60.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Ledelse av IT-funksjoner: IT-sjefens roller

?, 2(4), s. 95- 105.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Knowledge management in the professions: lessons learned from Norwegian law firms

Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(3), s. 203- 211.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Implementation Predictors of Formal Information Technology Strategy

Information & Management, 36(2), s. 77- 91.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Implementation of Formal Plans: the Case of Information Technology Strategy

?, 32(3), s. 362- 372.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Strategic Information Systems Planning: The IT Strategy Implementation Matrix

European Journal of Information Systems, 8(2), s. 107- 118.

Gottschalk, Petter; Christensen, Bo Hjort & Watson, R.T. (1998)

Key Issues in Informations Systems Management Surveys: Methodological Issues and Choices in a Norwegian Context

Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS), 9(2), s. 57- 66.

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Content Characteristics of Formal Information Technology Strategy as Implementation Predictors

Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

IT-strategi: Sammenheng mellom plan og implementering

?, s. 99- 108.

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Motstand mot forandring: litt empirisk forskning

?, s. 72- 75.

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Økonomisk kriminalitet i religiøse miljøer: Den høye tilliten i religiøse miljøer gir gode muligheter til å slippe unna lovens lange arm

Avisa Vårt land [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Gode tider for svindlerne: Hvitsnippforbrytere har aldri kunnet føle seg tryggere her i landet

Klassekampen [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2019)

Dom på bestilling: Antallet privatpraktiserende dommere øker, hvilke fallgruver oppstår når de skal granske konflikter?

Klassekampen [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Aftenposten, VG, Dagbladet, Klassekampen, Vårt Land, Grimstad Adressetidende, Stavanger Aftenblad, Agderposten, Sunnmørsposten, NRK TV og radio, Computerworld, Tønsbergs Blad, Aftonbladet, Romerikes Blad etc. etc.. Hundre+ oppslag i media med kommentarer om økonomisk kriminalitet, hvitsnippkriminalitet, gransking, politi, dommer, teknologi.

[Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Hvordan bli kvitt en varsler? Faktaundersøkelser brer om seg her i landet. De kan gjennomføres av alle som har kjøpt et diplom

Klassekampen [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Økonomisk kriminalitet i religiøse miljøer

Agderposten [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

3 artikler i Agderposten, 1 artikkel i Finansavisen, 2 artikler i Kommunal Rapport, 1 artikkel i Magma, 14 artikler i Klassekampen.

[Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Aftenposten, VG, Dagbladet, Klassekampen, Vårt Land, Nationen, Bergens Tidende, Stavanger Aftenblad, Agderposten, Sunnmørsposten, TV2, TV2 Nyhetskanalen. NRK TV og radio, Computerworld, Tønsbergs Blad, Aftonbladet, Romerikes Blad etc. etc.. 200-300 oppslag i media med kommentarer om økonomisk kriminalitet, hvitsnippkriminalitet, gransking, politi, dommer, teknologi.

[Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

"Jeg har ikke gjort noe galt!"

Kommunal rapport [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Trygt på toppen

Klassekampen [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Skjervøy-sakens interessante sider

Nordlys [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Hva skal politiet prioritere?

Kommunal Rapport [Fagblad]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Hells Angels i kommunen

Kommunal rapport [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

"Jeg har ikke gjort noe galt!"

Kommunal Rapport [Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

NRK TV og radio, TV2, Aftenposten, Klassekampen,Bergens Tidende, Nordlys, Dagbladet, VG, Josimar, Kommunal Rapport og mange flere medier.

[Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Er gransking verdt prisen?

Kommunal Rapport [Fagblad]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Trygt på toppen

Klassekampen [Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Varsleren fra Skjervøy

Kommunal Rapport [Fagblad]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Hva er et styre?

Klassekampen [Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Stabæk-saken og Transocean-saken

Finansavisen [Avis]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Slappe kontrollutvalg

Kommunal Rapport [Fagblad]

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Frykt virker avskrekkende

Kommunal Rapport [Fagblad]

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Granskere på villspor

Dagens næringsliv [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Bekvemmelighetsteori

Dagens næringsliv [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

NRK TV og radio, TV2, TV2 Nyhetskanalen, Dagens Næringsliv, Aftenposten, Stavanger Aftenblad, Bergens Tidende, Nordlys, E24, Klassekampen, etc.

[TV]

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Intervjuer i NRK fjernsyn og radio, TV 2, Aftenposten, Stavanger Aftenblad, Bergens Tidende etc

[TV]

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Gjennomføring av IT-strategi

? [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Internett: Søk i arbeidstiden?

Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.) [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Outsourcing av IT

? [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Kobling er mest kritisk

? [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

NHOs etableringspris

[Radio]

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Har SINTEF monopol?

[Radio]

Gottschalk, Petter (1)

Hva har hvitsnippforbrytere felles?

Norsk Øko-Forum [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (1)

Hvem, jeg?

Klassekampen [Kronikk]

Gottschalk, Petter (2018)

Investigating White-Collar Crime: Evaluation of Fraud Examinations

[Non-fiction book]. Springer Science+Business Media B.V..

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Tip of the Iceberg: Estimating the Magnitude of Fraud and Corruption in the Shadow Economy

[Academic lecture]. Conference on Fraud and Corruption.

Gottschalk, Petter & Gunnesdal, Lars (2017)

Toppen av isfjellet: Omfanget av hvitsnippkriminalitet i Norge

[Report]. Manifest tankesmie.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Strategisk gransking: Mistanke om økonomisk kriminalitet, 4. utgave

[Textbook]. Krutt forlag.

Eggen, Fernanda Winger; Gottschalk, Petter, Nymoen, Ragnar, Ognedal, Tone & Rybalka, Marina (2017)

Analyse av former, omfang og utvikling av arbeidskriminalitet

[Report]. Samfunnsøkonomisk Analyse.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

White-Collar Crime Triangle: Finance, Organization and Behavior

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation, 4(1), s. 1- 7. - Full text in research archive

White-collar crime is committed by members of the elite in society in their privileged roles in professional settings. White-collar crime can be explained by convenience theory, which suggests that crime occurs when there is a strong financial desire, convenient organizational opportunity, and willingness to adopt deviant behavior. In this article, the triangle of financial motive, organizational opportunity and deviant behavior is introduced as predictor of the tendency to commit white-collar crime. Multiple item scales are presented for each concept, which were applied in a questionnaire. Research results provide support for the triangle as a significant and strong predictor of criminogenity, where personal willingness to commit crime stands out as the main explanatory factor.

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Whistle-blowers in corruption detection in Norway

Gottschalk, Petter & Statinslas, Perry (red.). Public Corruption: Regional and National Perspectives on Procurement Fraud

Gottschalk, Petter (2017)

Convenience theory of white-collar crime

Gottschalk, Petter & Statinslas, Perry (red.). Public Corruption: Regional and National Perspectives on Procurement Fraud

Gottschalk, Petter & Tcherni-Buzzeo, Maria (2017)

Reasons for Gaps in Crime Reporting: The Case of White-Collar Criminals Investigated by Private Fraud Examiners in Norway

[Popular scientific article]. Deviant Behavior, 38(3), s. 267- 281. Doi: 10.1080/01639625.2016.1196993

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Investigating fraud and corruption: Characteristics of white-collar criminals

[Popular scientific article]. Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation, 1(2), s. 1- 7.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Explaining white-collar crime: an empirical study of convenience theory

[Popular scientific article]. International Journal of Corporate Governance, 7(3), s. 274- 286.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Stages of corporate social responsibility

Örtenblad, Anders (red.). Research Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in Context

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Fraud examiners in white-collar crime investigations

Örtenblad, Anders (red.). Research Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in Context

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

The relevance of CSR in the case of an insurance firm and a motorcycle gang in Norway

Örtenblad, Anders (red.). Research Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in Context

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Knowledge management in private investigations of white-collar crime

[Popular scientific article]. Information Resources Management Journal, 29(1), s. 1- 14. Doi: 10.4018/IRMJ.2016010101

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Maturity levels for outlaw groups: The case of Hells Angels MC

[Popular scientific article]. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 8(3), s. 1- 15.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Fraud examiners in financial crime investigations: The case of Save the Children in Bangladesh

[Popular scientific article]. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 8(2), s. 1- 11.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Private Policing of Financial Crime: Key Issues in the Investigation Business in Norway

[Popular scientific article]. European Journal of Policing Studies, 3(3), s. 292- 314.

Gottschalk, Petter (2016)

Økonomisk kriminalitet - Ledelse og samfunnsansvar

[Textbook]. Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Private investigations of white-collar crime suspicions: A qualitative study of the blame game hypothesis

[Popular scientific article]. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 12(3), s. 231- 246. Doi: 10.1002/jip.1431

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Advokatfirmaer som kunnskapsbedrifter

Knudtzon, Sigurd (red.). Å være advokat

Benson, Michael D. & Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Public Service Motivation Theory: Differences between White Collar Criminals in the Public and Private Sectors

[Popular scientific article]. Journal of International Doctoral Research, 4(1), s. 56- 68.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Hells Angels in the Shadow Economy

Edelbacher, Maximillian; Kratcoski, Peter C. & Dobovsok, Bojan (red.). Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

The Role of Lawyers as Defenders of White Collar Criminals

Edelbacher, Maximillian; Kratcoski, Peter C. & Dobovsok, Bojan (red.). Corruption, Fraud, Organized Crime, and the Shadow Economy

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Evaluation of Private Investigation Reports: How would You do it?

[Academic lecture]. Henry C. Lee Seminar Series.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Kontrolltiltak mot økonomisk kriminalitet i næringslivet

[Academic lecture]. KRIM 2914 & KRIM4914.

Gottschalk, Petter & Andersen, Erling S. (2015)

White-Collar Criminals and their Lawyers as Knowledge Workers: A Principal-Agent Contemplation

[Academic lecture]. International Conference on Organization and Management.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Private Policing of White-Collar Crime - Key Issues in the Internal Investigation Business

[Academic lecture]. American Society of Criminology.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Strategisk gransking - mistanke om økonomisk kriminalitet, 3. utgave

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Private internal reports as evidence in court: The case of Stangeskovene in Norway

[Popular scientific article]. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 7(2), s. 55- 72.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Internal Investigations of Economic Crime - Corporate Case Studies and Regulatory Policy

[Scientific book]. Universal-Publishers.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Fraud Examiners in White-Collar Crime Investigations

[Scientific book]. CRC Press.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Dependency of police prosecution on private examination of financial crime suspicion: The case of Langemyhr investigation in Norway

[Popular scientific article]. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 10(1), s. 102- 114.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Characteristics of rich white-collar criminals: An empirical study of a national sample

[Popular scientific article]. International Journal of Ethics, 10(3), s. 229- 238.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Investigating Financial Crime - Characteristics of White-Collar Criminals

[Scientific book]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Investigating Financial Crime

[Academic lecture]. Criminal Justice Studies at the University of New Haven.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Evaluation of Private Investigation Reports

[Academic lecture]. Criminal Justice Research and Policy Colloquium Series.

Gottschalk, Petter (2015)

Information Management in Defense of White-Collar Criminals

[Popular scientific article]. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 7(1), s. 100- 126.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Police Knowledge Management Strategy

Chilton, Michael M. & Bloodgood, James M. (red.). Knowledge Management and Competitive Advantage: Issues and Potential Solutions

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Gender and White-Collar Crime

[Academic lecture]. American Society of Criminology conference in San Francisco.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Fraud Examiners in White-Collar Crime Investigations

[Academic lecture]. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners in New York.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Privacy for White-Collar Criminals

[Academic lecture]. 36th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners in Mauritius.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Theories of Financial Crime

[Academic lecture]. Financial Crime Class in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of New Haven.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Characteristics of White-Collar Criminals

[Academic lecture]. Financial Crime Investigation Class in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of New Haven.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Policing White-Collar Criminals

[Academic lecture]. Law Enforcement Conference in Trinidad & Tobago.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Private Investigations by Financial Crime Specialists

[Academic lecture]. Financial Crime Investigation Class in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of New Haven.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Private investigations - suspicion of financial crime by white-collar criminals

[Scientific book]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Strategisk gransking - mistanke om økonomisk kriminalitet, 2. utgave

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Prosecution of White-Collar Criminals: Theoretical Perspectives on Defense Lawyers

Pearson, Micahel Harry (red.). Crime: International Perspectives, Socioeconomic Factrs and Psychological Implications

Gottschalk, Petter (2014)

Fra helt til skurk - Hvitsnippforbrytere i Norge

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Hvem er offer for hvitsnippkriminalitet?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Norsk Øko-Forum

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Politiledelse mot hvitsnippkriminalitet

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Lensmannsbladet - Politilederen, s. 13- 13.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Strategisk gransking - mistanke om økonomisk kriminalitet

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Bedriftskriminalitet - Økonomiske forbrytelser for virksomheten

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Hvitsnippadvokatene - Forsvarere i økokrimsaker

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Strategier mot hvitsnippkriminalitet

[Scientific book]. Akademika forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter & Chew, Eng K. (2013)

Knowledge Driven Service Innovation and Management

[Scientific book]. IGI Global.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

White-Collar Criminals in Modern Management

[Popular scientific article]. Modern Management Science & Engineering, 1(1), s. 1- 12.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Women's Justification of White-Collar Crime

[Popular scientific article]. International Journal of Contemporary Business Studies, 4(1), s. 24- 32.

Gottschalk, Petter (2013)

Empirical Differences in Crime Categories by White-Collar Criminals

[Popular scientific article]. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 5, s. 17- 26.

Gottschalk, Petter & Glasø, Lars (2013)

Corporate crime does pay! The Relationship between Financial Crime and Imprisonment in White-Collar Crime

[Popular scientific article]. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 5, s. 63- 78.

Gottschalk, Petter & Glasø, Lars (2013)

Gender in White-Collar Crime: An Empirical Study of Pink-Collar Criminals

[Popular scientific article]. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 4, s. 22- 34.

Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Executive knowledge of white-collar in crime business organizations in Norway

[Popular scientific article]. Global Security, s. 23- 30.

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Kvinner i økonomisk kriminalitet

[Scientific book]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Financial Crime by White-Collar Criminals

[Scientific book]. Lambert Academic Publishing.

Apistola, Martin & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Essential Knowledge and Management Issues in Law Firms

[Textbook]. Universal-Publishers.

Gottschalk, Petter & Davidson, Julia (2012)

Police deviance and criminality: managing integrity and accountability

[Textbook]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Knowledge management maturity in law firm business

[Scientific book]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Økonomisk kriminalitet i ledelsen

[Scientific book]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Anne Haaland & Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

It og prosjektledelse

[Scientific book]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

Hvitsnippkriminalitet og samfunnsansvar

[Scientific book]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2012)

White-Collar Criminals - Cases and Theories of Financial Crime

[Scientific book]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Datakriminalitet i Norge

[Scientific book]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter & Hansen, Morten Løw (2011)

Etterretningsprosessen : fra strategi til implementering

[Textbook]. Unipub forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Politikriminalitet i Norge

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2011)

Hvitsnippforbrytere i Norge

[Scientific book]. Krutt Forlag.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Hvitsnippforbryteres nøytraliseringsteknikker

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Norsk Øko-Forum, s. 4- 7.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Rapport fra outsourcingsundersøkelsen 2009

[Report]. Handelshøyskolen BI.

Hole, Åse Storhaug; Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Lederroller og profesjonsverdier. Hedmark og Follo Politidistrikter

[Report]. Høgskolen i Hedmark.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Policing Cyber Crime

[Textbook]. Ventus Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Investigation and prevention of financial crime: Knowledge management, intelligence strategy and executive leadership

[Textbook]. Gower Applies Research.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Managing IT Outsourcing Performance

[Textbook]. IGI Global.

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Police Management: Professional Integrity in Policing

[Textbook]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Ledelse og økonomisk kriminalitet

[Textbook]. Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter (2010)

Online Groomers: Profiling, Policing and Prevention

[Textbook]. Russell House Publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter & Rosendahl, Tom (2009)

Tourist attractions in Norway: An exploratory study of market communication strategies

[Academic lecture]. Fourteenth Biennial World Marketing Congress.

Gottschalk, Petter & Rosendahl, Tom (2009)

Developing integrated market communication for tourist attractions in Norway

[Academic lecture]. Fourteenth Biennial World Marketing Congress.

Gottschalk, Petter & Rosendahl, Tom (2009)

Stages in integrated communication for Nordic tourist attractions

[Academic lecture]. 18th Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Generations of struggle in stages of growth modeling

[Academic lecture]. Decision Sciences Institute 40th annual meeting.

Gottschalk, Petter & Dean, Geoff (2009)

A review of organised crime in electronic finance

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. International Journal of Electronic Finance, 3(1), s. 46- 63.

Chew, Eng K. & Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Information technology strategy and management : best practices

[Textbook]. IGI Global.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2009)

E-Government Interoperability and Information Resource Integration -Frameworks for Aligned Development

[Textbook]. Information Science Reference.

Gottschalk, Petter (2009)

Policing the Police: Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement

[Textbook]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

Karlsen, Jan Terje & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Prosjektledelse: fra initiering til gevinstrealisering

[Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Feil bemanning i politiet

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Politiforum, s. 43- 43.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Er det strategi?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Politiforum, s. 39- 39.

Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Organisatorisk interoperabilitet

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ComputerWorld Norge, s. 25- 25.

Gottschalk, Petter; Solli-Sæther, Hans & Kierulf, K (2008)

Organizational Readiness for Outsourcing Success

[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society, Special Conference.

Solli-Sæther, Hans; Gottschalk, Petter & Kierulf, K (2008)

Organizational Readiness for Successful Outsourcing

[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society India Special Conference.

Solli-Sæther, Hans & Gottschalk, Petter (2008)

Global Outsourcing Model

[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society India Special Conference.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre; Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Kunnskapsdeling og dyktighet i politietterforskning

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Politiforum, s. 32- 33.

Fahsing, Ivar Andre; Glomseth, Rune & Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Politietterforsking som verdiverksted

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Stat og styring, s. 53- 56.

Gottschalk, Petter (2006)

Politietterforskning som verdiverksted

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Stat og styring, s. 52- 55.

Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

Outsourcingsledelse - Strategisk styring etter tjenesteutsetting av IT-funksjoner

[Scientific book]. Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

Elektronisk forretningsdrift

[Textbook]. Cappelen Damm Høyskoleforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

Sourcing av IT-tjenester - Lokalisering, organisering og styring av IT-funksjoner

[Scientific book]. Cappelen Damm Høyskoleforlaget.

Karlsen, Jan T. & Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

Prosjektledelse: fra initiering til gevinstrealisering

[Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2005)

Strategic Knowledge Management Technology

[Scientific book]. Idea Group Publishing.

Khandelwal, Vijay K & Gottschalk, Petter (2004)

Stages of Knowledge Management Technology: A Comparison of Law Firms in Norway and Australia

[Academic lecture]. Information Resources Management Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter (2004)

Informasjonsledelse - fra strategiutvikling til gevinstrealisering

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter & Henriksen, Tom Erling (2004)

Operativ IT-ledelse

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2004)

Outsourcing av IT : strategi og styring ved tjenesteutsetting

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2004)

Informasjonsteknologi i kunnskapsledelse

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2003)

Knowledge Management Practice in Australian Law Firms

[Academic lecture]. Fourth Annual Global Information Technology Management (GITM) World Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, Vijay K (2003)

Stages of Knowledge Management Technology in Australian Law Firms (Best Paper Award

[Academic lecture]. Proceedings of the 2003 Australian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS).

Gottschalk, Petter (2003)

Advokatfirmaet som kunnskapsbedrift, strategisk bruk av informasjonsteknologi

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2003)

Ledelse av intellektuell kapital, kunnskapskapital gjennom ressursbasert strategi,

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

The Chief Information Officer: A Study of Managerial Roles in Norway,

[Academic lecture]. 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-35).

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Knowledge Management through Information Technology

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

IT-strategi

[Scientific book]. Fagbokforlaget.

Karlsen, Jan T.; Gottschalk, Petter & Andersen, Erling S. (2002)

InformationTechnology Management Roles: A Comparison of IT executives and IT project managers

[Academic lecture]. Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

IT-ledelse for kunnskapsbedrifter

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2002)

Informasjonsledelse : fra forretningsbehov til informasjonssystem

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Welle-Strand, Anne & Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Læring gjennom økonomi, system og prosjekt : festskrift til Erling S.Andersen Project Management and Information Technology

[Scientific book]. NKI publishing.

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, Hans (2001)

Integration between Business Planning and Information Systems Planning: An Analysis of Technology Exploration and Exploitation in Different Value Configurations

[Academic lecture]. 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-34).

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

IT-ledelse for kunnskapsbedrifter

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Informasjonsledelse - fra forretningsbehov til informasjonssystem

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Andersen, Erling S. & Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Information technology management

[Scientific book]. Scandinavian University Press.

Gottschalk, Petter; Watson, R.T. & Christensen, B.H. (2001)

Global Comparisons of Key Issues in IS Management: Extending Key Issues Selection Procedure and Survey Approach

[Academic lecture]. 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33).

Gottschalk, Petter & Taylor, N. (2001)

Strategic Management of IS/IT Functions: The Role of the CIO

[Academic lecture]. 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33.

Gottschalk, Petter & Krokan, A. (2001)

Pricing of Digital Information: The Case of Norwegian Government Policymaking

[Academic lecture]. First Annual Global Information Technology Management (GITM) World Conference,.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khandelwal, V.K. (2001)

Comparison of Stages of Growth in Norway and Australia & New Zealand based on Critical Success Factors

[Academic lecture]. First Annual Global Information Technology Management (GITM) World Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

The Chief Information Officer: A Study of Managerial Roles

[Academic lecture]. NOKOBIT-2000.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Descriptions of Responsibility for Implementation: A Content Analysis of Strategic IS/IT Plans

[Academic lecture]. First Annual Global Information Technology Management (GITM) World Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Approaches to Business Benefits from Data Warehousing: The Case of Oil Rig Åsgard B in the North Sea

[Academic lecture]. First Annual Global Information Technology Management (GITM) World Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Business Benefits from Data Warehousing: The Case of Oil Rig Åsgard B in the North Sea

[Academic lecture]. 5th Annual Conference of the UK Academy for Information Systems26-28 April, Cardiff, UK.

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

IS/IT Leadership Roles

[Academic lecture]. 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33).

Gottschalk, Petter (2001)

Knowledge Management in the Professions: the Case of IT Support in Law Firms

[Academic lecture]. 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33).

Gottschalk, Petter & Solli-Sæther, H. (2000)

Integration Between Business Planning and Information Systems Planning: A Content Analysis of Strategic IS/IT Plans

[Report]. Henley Working Paper.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Integrasjon mellom IS-strategi og forretningsstrategi

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?, s. 56- 57.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

It som trussel og mulighet for kunnskapsbedrifter

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

IT-ledelse for kunnskapsbedrifter

[Scientific book]. Universitetsforlaget.

Gottschalk, Petter; Watson, R.T. & Christensen, B.H. (2000)

Key issues in information systems management: extending initial key issues selection procedure

[Academic lecture]. The 5th International Conference of the Decision Sciences Institute.

Gottschalk, Petter & Taylor, N. (2000)

Strategic management of IS/IT functions: the role of the CIO in Norwegian organisations

[Academic lecture]. The 5th International Conference of the Decision Sciences Institute.

Gottschalk, Petter & Taylor, N. (2000)

Strategic Management of IS/IT Functions: The Role of the CIO in Norwegian Organisations

[Academic lecture]. The seventh European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Knowledge Management in Law Firms

[Academic lecture]. 3rd International Conference on Technology Policy and Innovation.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Implementation of formal plans: The case of information technology strategy

[Academic lecture]. The 5th International Conference of the Decision Sciences Institute.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khosrowpour, M (ed.) (2000)

Key Issues in Information Systems Management in Norway: Extending Key Issues Selection Procedure and Empirical Study

[Academic lecture]. The 1999 IRMA International Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter & Khosrowpour, M (ed.) (2000)

Implementing Strategic IT Plans: Does Content Matter?

[Academic lecture]. The 1999 IRMA International Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter (2000)

Implementation Predictors of Formal Information Technology Strategy

[Academic lecture]. The 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-32).

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Content Characteristics of Formal IT Strategy as Implementation Predictors

[Academic lecture]. 8th Annual BIT Conference.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Content Characteristics of Formal IT Strategy as Implementation Predictors

[Academic lecture]. NOKOBIT Conference.

Christensen, Bo Hjort; Gottschalk, Petter & Watson, Richard T. (1999)

Key Issues in IS Management Surveys: methodological issues and choices in a Norwegian context

[Academic lecture]. Annual BIT conference, November 4-5.

Christensen, Bo Hjort; Gottschalk, Petter & Watson, Richard T. (1999)

Key Issues in Information Systems Management Surveys: Methodological Issues and Choices in a Norwegian Context

[Academic lecture]. NOKOBIT Conference, June 17-19.

Gottschalk, Petter & Taylor, N. (1999)

Strategic Management of IS/IT Functions: The Role of the CIO in Norwegian Organisations

[Report]. Henley Management College.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Strategic Information Systems Planning: The Implementation Challenge

[Report]. Henley Management College..

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Gjennomføring av IT-strategi: Ledelsen uviktig?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

IT-sjefen som brobygger

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Knowledge Manager

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Gjennomføring av IT-strategi

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?, s. 34- 35.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

IT-sjefen: Endringsleder som tar beslutninger

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Advokat = IT-basert kunnskapsarbeider?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

IT-sjefen som brobygger: Suksess eller fiasko?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Strategisk ledelse av IS/IT funksjoner: IT-sjefens rolle

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?, s. 50- 53.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

2000 kjempekritisk for it-sjefer

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

The use of IT to support knowledge management in Norwegian law firms

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?, 2(4), s. 17- 20.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Knowledge Management: IT baner vei hos advokatene

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Knowledge Management – perspektiver på bruk av informasjonsteknologi til kunnskapsforvaltning i advokatfirma

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?, s. 51- 56.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Er advokater IT-baserte kunnskapsarbeidere?

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Advokatbladet, s. 6- 7.

Gottschalk, Petter (1999)

Making knowledge management work

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. ?, s. 44- 48.

Gottschalk, Petter; Christensen, Bo H. & Watson, Richard T. (1998)

Key Issues in Information Systems Management Surveys: Methodological Issues and Choices in a Norwegian Context

[Report]. Henley Management College.

Gottschalk, Petter (1998)

Content Characteristics of Formal Information Technology Strategy as Implementiation Predictors

[Report]. Henley Management College.

Gottschalk, Petter; Christensen, B.H. & Watson, R.T. (1998)

Key Issues in Information Systems Management Surveys: Methodological Issues and Choices in a Norwegian Context

[Report]. Henley Management College.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Gratis offentlig informasjon

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Forskningsrådets internasjonale strategi. Forskermobilitet

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Prising av offentlig informajon. Informasjonsteknologi de neste ti år

[Popular scientific article]. Inforum

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Priser på offentlig informasjon

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Informasjonens pris (6. juli). - Syv samfunnstrender (15. juli)

[Popular scientific article]. Klassekampen

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

En god leder - hva er det?

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Kan informasjon til ledere systematiseres?

[Popular scientific article]. Bedre bedrift

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Mobilitet (nr.26). - Informasjonsøkonomien (nr.34). - Bedre resultater ved bruk av IT (nr.37)

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Forslag til offentlig prisingspolitikk

[Academic lecture]. Forum for offentlig informasjon (FOI). Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Kritisk søkelys på ISO9000

[Academic lecture]. Norges standardiseringsforbunds konferanse. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Prising av offentlig informasjon

[Academic lecture]. Prisingsutvalgets seminar. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

The role of top management in organizational change

[Academic lecture]. ICA Conference. Wien.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Kritisk søkelys på ISO 9000

[Academic lecture]. IIR-konferanse. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Informasjonsteknologi de neste ti år

[Academic lecture]. Kundeseminar Scanvest Olivetti. Bergen.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Synspunkter på Forskningsrådets internasjonale strategi

[Academic lecture]. Norges Forskningsråds workshop. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Teknologi i morgendagens samfunn

[Academic lecture]. Kundeseminar Scanvest Olivetti. Bodø.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

IT neste TI - Informasjonsteknologi de neste ti år

[Academic lecture]. Brukerkonferanse Scansoft. ABB konferansesenter, Billingstad.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Børs og katedral i kunnskapsbedrift

[Academic lecture]. Forbrukerrådets seminar. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

EDI de neste ti

[Academic lecture]. Østfold distriktshøgskole, Halden.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Effektivisering av produksjonsapparatet i et oppdragsinstitutt

[Academic lecture]. Norske IT-konsulenters forening. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Organisering av IT-funksjonen

[Academic lecture]. NHI Datahøgskolen. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Informasjonsteknologi som medium for informasjon og kommunikasjon mellom mennesker - muligheter og begrensninger

[Academic lecture]. Foreningen for offentlig informasjon (FOI). Arendal.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Is integration a strategy to increase profitability?

[Academic lecture]. SPE Petroleum Computer Conference. Aberdeen.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Informasjonsteknologi de neste 10 år

[Academic lecture]. Oslo ingeniørhøgskole.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Synspunkter på virksomhet ved Institutt for rettsinformatikk

[Academic lecture]. Isegran-seminaret. Fredrikstad.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

En leders vurdering av IT som verktøy for å oppnå bedre resultater

[Academic lecture]. IIR-konferanse. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1994)

Vår nye informasjonstekniske hverdag

[Academic lecture]. Akademikernes Fellesorganisasjon konferansen. Sandefjord.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Trender de neste ti år

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Fagbøker

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Forviklinger om teknologibøker

[Popular scientific article]. Finansavisen

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Teknologi

[Popular scientific article]. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.)

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Forskermobilitet

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Teknologi og arbeidsplasser

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonsteknologi de neste ti år

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Kan informasjon til ledere systematiseres?

[Academic lecture]. SGK-konferanse, Statskonsult.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Bildet som informasjonsbærer

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Virksomhetens livsnerve?

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonsteknologi de neste 10 år

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Det går opp, det går ned

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Bokprosjektet \IT neste TI\" er i rute"

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Teknologisk Utvikling

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Kritisk søkelys på ISO9000

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Bildet som databærer

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Statskonsults krav til LIS

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

IT-trender de neste ti år

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Høy forskeravgang hjelper industrien

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

TI nye år med IT

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Tull om salgsprognoser

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

De japafile

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonsteknologi som konkurransevåpen

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Bedriftslederen - en aktiv IT-bruker?

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Hvem har behov - hva er behovet

[Report]. .

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Person- eller saksorientert ledelse

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Hva er en god IT-strategi?

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

De viktige analysene

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Økonomi, teknologi og omstilling

[Popular scientific article]. Sparebankbladet

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Hva gjør egentlig ledere

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonssikkerhet og teknologi

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Statskonsults krav til ledelsessystemer

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Usant om plagiat

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

EDB og sparebanker

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Forskning for fellesskapet

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

EF og forskning

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

En god leder - hva er det?

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Kritisk søkelys på ISO 9000

[Popular scientific article]. Bedre bedrift

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Om Norsk Regnesentral

[Academic lecture]. Institutt for informatikk, Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

IT-strategi

[Academic lecture]. Kundeseminar, GPI.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Kritisk gjennomgang

[Academic lecture]. Multimedia-konferansen.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

IT-markedet framover

[Academic lecture]. Årsmøte Cap Computas.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Ledelse av kompetansebedrift - krav og utfordringer

[Academic lecture]. SDS lederforum.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Effektiv systemutvikling

[Academic lecture]. Kundeseminar Sysdeco og IBM.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Forventninger til videofonen som ledelsesverktøy

[Academic lecture]. EVE2-brukersamling.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Videofonen og markedet

[Popular scientific article]. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.)

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Lederen som aktiv IT-bruker

[Academic lecture]. Lederseminar Teknologisk Institutt.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Hva er informasjon?

[Popular scientific article]. Klassekampen

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonsteknologi og ledelse

[Academic lecture]. Økonomidagene.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Hvorfor IT-strategi?

[Academic lecture]. Vegdirektoratets oppstartseminar.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Krav til systemers brukervennlighet

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Norsk IT-næring: Omstilling og vekst

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Dette er Norsk Regnesentral

[Academic lecture]. Rotary.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Hvordan lykkes med økonomisk styring av informasjonsteknologi

[Academic lecture]. NHHK-dagene.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Ansvar for bruk av data

[Popular scientific article]. Universitas

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonsteknologi som ny drivkraft i organisasjonssamfunnet

[Academic lecture]. Software'93.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Krav til datasystemers brukervennlighet

[Popular scientific article]. Finansavisen

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Informasjonsteknologi påå dagsorden 1993

[Report]. .

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

IT neste TI

[Scientific book]. Ad Notam Gyldendal.

Gottschalk, Petter (1993)

Teknologiledelse

[Scientific book]. Ad Notam Gyldendal.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

En god leder - hva er det? (nr. 8). - Menneske og maskin i samspill (nr. 9). - Hvor går grensen for bærekraftig utvikling? (nr. 9). - Passord og terninger (nr. 11). - Personvern i faresonen (nr. 13). - Elementært, min kjære Hidas (nr. 15). - E

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Åtte krav til brukervennlig datasystem (nr. 16). - Studenters syn på LIS (nr. 18). - En reiserapport fra Japan (nr. 31). - Oppdragsforskning: Myter og fakta (nr. 34). - Studenters syn på EDB og ledelse (nr. 35). - Teleteknologi i stampe? (nr. 35

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Passord (28. februar). - Forfatter på eget forlag (3. mars). - Personvern i faresonen (18. mars). - Pass på passordet (21. mars). - Myter om oppdragsforskning (18. september)

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Informasjonsteknologi, organisasjon og styring

[Popular scientific article]. Bedre bedrift

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Teknologiledelse

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Jentespranget til Gutteklubben Grei

[Academic lecture]. Norske Kvinnelige Juristers Forening. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Datasentraler: Verktøy for omstilling?

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Ledelse - hva er det?

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Ledelse og informasjonsteknologi

[Academic lecture]. Formula-konferansen. Bolkesjø.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Tenning av lederes interesse for IT

[Academic lecture]. Brukerkonferansen BUG. Langesund.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Myter og fakta om oppdragsforskning

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Forskningsprogram for IT i forvaltningen

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter & Sørgaard, Pål (1992)

Informasjonsteknologi og ledelse

[Academic lecture]. IT-Expo. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Datasikkerhet: Valg av passord

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Hva er mål og hva er middel i god ledelse?

[Academic lecture]. KNI-seminar. Høvikodden.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Omstilling av EDB-avdeling

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Programvaresatsing

[Academic lecture]. Divisjonslederseminar SDS. Leangkollen.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Myter om oppdragsforskning

[Popular scientific article]. Klassekampen

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Gutteklubben Grei

[Popular scientific article]. Klassekampen

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

IT som hjelpemiddel

[Academic lecture]. Prosjektseminar Nytt Rikshospital. Noresund.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Fremtidsrettet teknologipolitikk

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Omstilling av interne EDB-avdelinger

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Kriterier for god ledelse

[Popular scientific article]. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.)

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

En god leder - hva er det?

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Fra stab til service

[Academic lecture]. Avdelingsseminar SSB. Olavsgaard.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Hvordan lykkes med EDB i SSB?

[Academic lecture]. Lederseminar SSB. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Informasjonsteknologi - hva er det?

[Academic lecture]. Medlemsmøte SEKFO. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Omstilling av IT-funksjonen

[Academic lecture]. Avdelingsseminar NSB. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1992)

Informasjonsteknologi på dagsorden 1992

[Report]. .

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Næringslivet og barneomsorgen - to verdener som bør kunne forenes

[Popular scientific article]. Ukjent

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Hvordan lykkes med LIS?

[Popular scientific article]. Stat og styring

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Fra data til informasjon (nr. 1). - Med EDB i barnas verden (nr. 2). - Kai P. Foundation (nr. 4). - Bildebehandling og mønstergjenkjenning (nr. 6). - Fokus på IT-konsulenter (nr. 10). - Forlokkende multimedia (nr. 11). - Fra IT-strategi til resu

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Konkurranse eller samarbeid mellom norske IT-bedrifter?

[Academic lecture]. IT-industriens utviklingsforum. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Fra forskning til resultater

[Academic lecture]. InfoTech '91, Den norske Dataforening. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Næringslivets rolle for å bedre barns oppvekstvilkår

[Academic lecture]. Konferansen Barndom i Norge. InfoRama, Sandvika.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Hvordan lykkes med IT - et lederansvar?

[Academic lecture]. IT-forum i Oslo kommune. Bolkesjø.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

IT - mål eller middel?

[Academic lecture]. Seminar Kontorutvikling. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Ledelsesinformasjonssystemer: Hvordan lykkes?

[Academic lecture]. SDS-konferansen. Beito.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Sjefen må kvitte seg med dataskrekken

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Informasjonsteknologi og ledelse

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Norsk Data på vei mot bunnen?

[Popular scientific article]. Dagens næringsliv

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Turning useless data into useful information

[Academic lecture]. NordData. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Hvordan få ledere interessert i EDB?

[Academic lecture]. Mercur seminar. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Papirløse systemer

[Academic lecture]. Institutt for datasikkerhets konferanse. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Hvordan motivere og involvere ledelsen i bruk og planlegging av informasjonsteknologi

[Academic lecture]. Siviløkonomforeningens Tema Data. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Fra verdiløse data til nyttig informasjon

[Academic lecture]. SAS Institute seminar. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

FOU-konsern i vranglås

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Konkurransesituasjonen for datasentraler

[Academic lecture]. DND-kveldsmøte. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Orientering om NR

[Academic lecture]. SI, Oslo (8. mars). - ERCIM Workshop, England (3. mai). - SISU-seminar, Oslo (7. juni). - Inst.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Fra IT-strategi til resultater

[Academic lecture]. TBK-seminar. Vettre kurssenter, Asker.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Kreativitetsprisen 1990

[Academic lecture]. Software-konferansen. InfoRama, Sandvika.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Søkelys på IT-konsulenter

[Academic lecture]. Cap Gemini seminar. Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1991)

Informasjonsteknologi på dagsorden 1991

[Report]. .

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Toppledere og EDB - hvordan tenne interessen (nr.6). - Slik blir EDB-avdelingen en suksess (nr.10). - Statens IT-strategi en suksess? (nr.30). - Norsk IT i kjølvannet av Harlem-rapporten (nr.33). - Matnyttig IT-forskning (nr.35). - Forskningskonsernet Nor

[Popular scientific article]. ComputerWorld Norge

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Nasjonal IT-satsning

[Academic lecture]. Andersen Consulting, Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Forskningskonsern i Oslo-området?

[Academic lecture]. ELAB-RUNIT's rådsmøte, Trondheim.

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Når forskningsresultater skaper nye arbeidsplasser. Hvordan staten kan gjennomføre sin datapolitikk

[Academic lecture]. Info-Tech '90, Den norske Dataforening, Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Norsk IT i kjølvannet av Harlem-rapporten

[Academic lecture]. Polyteknisk Forening, Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Toppledere og LIS

[Academic lecture]. NR-seminar, Oslo.

Gottschalk, Petter (1990)

Statens IT-strategi en suksess?

[Academic lecture]. SDS-konferansen, Bolkesjø.

Gottschalk, Petter (1970)

Suksessbedrift mestrer data

[Popular scientific article]. Teknisk Ukeblad