I'm a Professor of Strategy at BI Norwegian Business School. I have a doctorate from NHH Norwegian School of Economics and a Siviløkonom/Masters degree from the BI Norwegian Business School. Before joining BI, I had research and teaching positions at Copenhagen Business School, Østfold University College, and at the Norwegian Fund for Market and Distribution Research. I have been guest professor at Copenhagen Business School (2018), visiting fellow at Henley Business School/University of Reading (2015-2018), visiting professor at Copenhagen Business School (2003-2005), and at University of Valencia (2002-2003), and a visiting scholar at University of Melbourne (1998).
Research areas
My research has particularly dealt with foreign direct investment, the structure and behavior of multinational enterprises and their foreign subsidiaries, and foreign operation methods. I was Head of the Globalization Project, a research program dealing with a variety of issues related to globalization and its impact on small countries such as Norway, and funded over the years 2000-2004 by the Norwegian Research Council.
Teaching areas
I have taught a wide range of subjects within the business field, especially in international business and strategy, at undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels. I was the Dean of Doctoral Studies at BI Norwegian Business School (2011-2014), and prior to that also been in charge of several graduate programs, including Associate Dean for the PhD program in Strategic Management, and program director of the MSc program in International Business at BI (1997-2001). I was the national coordinator for Norway in Nord-IB, a Nordic cooperative effort on doctoral education in International Business Studies, from 2000 to 2003.
The benefits of having an internationally diverse alliance portfolio are well known. However, the challenges remain overlooked, especially the potential to curb firms’ international expansion beyond such alliances. Building on global connectivity literature, we study how firms’ international footprint through their foreign subsidiaries is affected by the geographical spread of their international alliances. Using data on a sample of U.S. high-tech firms, we find that this relationship follows a U-shaped pattern and is contingent on alliance portfolio geographic distance and firms’ absorptive capacity for internationalization. Deviations from the optimal international footprint lower firms’ innovation and financial performance.
Andersson, Ulf; Benito, Gabriel R G, Lunnan, Randi & Tomassen, Sverre (2023)
Why Some are Less Willing to Share:Competitive Domains and Knowledge Transfer in Multi-Unit Organizations
We study subsidiary capital structure as a mechanism of intra-MNE (multinational enterprise) governance from the perspective of “new internalization theory”. We build on the argument from transaction cost theory that equity and debt are not just financial instruments but also alternative governance structures, with equity useful for financing specific assets that do not serve well as collateral, especially when external uncertainty is high. Inside an MNE, debt represents a partial reintroduction of market mechanisms that can limit governance costs and strengthen subsidiary manager incentives. However, debt financing may be inappropriate if subsidiaries possess specific assets that are lost if debt contracts are enforced. Using subsidiary-level panel data from Norwegian MNEs, we argue that patents registered in the subsidiary represent MNE-specific non-location bound knowledge assets, while subsidiary R&D income represents location-bound and subsidiary-specific assets. We predict MNE-specific assets to be negatively related to external debt, and subsidiary-specific assets to be negatively related to all debt, under conditions of external uncertainty. We find only partial support for our hypotheses. Patents are negatively related to external debt when external uncertainty in the form of political risk is high. However, we do not find similar significant results for location-bound and subsidiary-specific assets, measured by subsidiary R&D income. For both measures, there is evidence that debt financing is viable in low-risk contexts. Further analysis indicates different effects for joint ventures as compared to wholly owned subsidiaries. We build on the partly unexpected results to propose an expanded internalization perspective on subsidiary capital structure.
Zilja, Flladina; Benito, Gabriel R G, Boustanifar, Hamid & Zhang, Dan (2023)
This study examines the role of chief executive officers’ (CEOs) wealth in explaining the cross-border acquisition (CBA) activity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). CBAs require substantial financial resources and expose the firm to additional risks. Within a micro-foundations framework, we integrate insights from the resource-based view and the upper echelons theory and argue that CEO wealth plays a dual role in the CBA activity of SMEs by alleviating financial constraints and increasing willingness to take risks. Using Norwegian census data for the period 2000–2013, we find consistent evidence that CEO wealth has a positive effect on the number, the geographic scope, and the likelihood of engaging in CBAs in high political risk countries.
Larsen, Marcus Møller; Birkinshaw, Julian, Zhou, Yue Maggie & Benito, Gabriel R G (2023)
The multinational corporation (MNC) is a typical example of a complex organization. In this essay, we employ an established body of literature on complexity in organizations to explore and discuss the nature and consequences of complexity for global strategy and MNCs. On that basis, we develop a simple organizing framework for complexity in global strategies emphasizing the source (external and internal complexity) and type (process and structural complexity) of complexity. We use this framework to structure and discuss the six research contributions in this Special Issue. We conclude by suggesting additional avenues of research on the interface between global strategy and complexity.
Adarkwah, Gilbert Kofi & Benito, Gabriel R G (2023)
Dealing with high-risk environments: Institutional-based tools to reduce political risk costs
The international business (IB) literature on political risk mitigation has assigned explanatory preeminence to the organizational capabilities of multinational corporations (MNCs). The literature has assumed that political risk is avoidable for MNCs with specific political capabilities. We argue that political risk is inevitable. We posit that even if MNCs have political capabilities, host countries' political risk and its associated costs will not simply disappear. Extending the literature on political risk mitigation, we highlight the role of institutional-based tools in curbing political risk costs. Specifically, we posit that MNCs can reduce political risk costs through (i) international investment agreements, (ii) investment contracts with host governments, (iii) political risk insurance, and (iv) guarantees with binding enforcement mechanisms in unison with relying on political capabilities, thereby dampening the negative effect of uncontrollable host country political risk. We leverage the political-institutional approach to political risk and draw on relevant literature from law and IB to develop a framework to describe the conditions under which MNCs may use these institutional-based tools.
The dominant narrative about the rise of international business (IB) focuses on early research and the institutionalization of a new academic field. In this study, we explore the role of case writing in the field’s formative period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. Based on an analysis of teaching cases on IB topics, we demonstrate that case-based teaching, including the writing of cases, was an innovative pedagogical method that made a strong impact on the formation of the new academic field. Analyzing the cases and the background and affiliation of their authors offers new insights into the linkages to other disciplines from which the new academic field emerged. The analysis of the cases also provides new insight into how the case authors connected to the new practical experiences from an increasing number of multinational enterprises, particularly from the US, and conceptualized the experiences into a pedagogical language. The investigation covers 489 cases written by scholars located in 18 countries from the early 1950s to 1963, as well as archival studies of the business schools and institutions that initiated the production of cases.
Benito, Gabriel R G & Fehlner, Corina (2022)
Multinational enterprises and the circular economy
Merchant, Hemant (red.). The New Frontiers of International Business
In this chapter, we explore the role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the circular economy (CE). MNEs play a key role in reshaping business systems as they orchestrate a significant part of value activities in various locations across the globe. We argue that MNEs’ adoption of CE opportunities differs due to corporate and contextual influences. In particular, we suggest that MNEs’ corporate strategies regarding value activity integration, product diversification, and location choices influence how they approach CE. Industry and location factors also play roles in facilitating or impeding CE advancement. Regarding the international business ramifications of CE, we discuss the impact of MNEs’ geographical scope in terms of a local, multi-local/regional, or global focus and show how formal and informal institutional contexts influence the design and implementation of CE. Our analysis demonstrates that established conceptualizations in the international business field of MNEs and the business systems in which they operate are useful for understanding CE, but further international business research is needed about how MNEs can help implement the transition towards CE.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro, Mudambi, Ram, Pedersen, Torben & Tallman, Steve (2022)
Global strategy, that is, the analysis of strategy in an international context, has co-evolved with the dramatic changes in the global economy in the 21st century. Research advances have enabled a more sophisticated understanding of how firms develop strategies in an increasingly turbulent global environment in which societal expectations, technological advances, and political decisions are all in a state of continuous change. In this article, we reflect and provide suggestions for how the field may evolve on five key themes of global strategy: cooperation, coordination, governance, politics, and innovation. We also outline suggestions for future research on global issues that are gaining increasing centrality in business decisions: climate change, artificial intelligence, and geopolitics.
Amdam, Rolv Petter Storvik & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2022)
Temporality and the first foreign direct investment
This study examines the timing of the first foreign direct investment (FDI). It explores how the conceptualization and, hence, the understanding of time affects our insights into major internationalization decisions in organizations; specifically, that of navigating into the unknown waters associated with making a first FDI. We introduce a multitemporal approach by drawing on the different temporalities prevalent in history and in business and management to build a platform for analysis that provides a suitable combination of richness and contrast. By examining the process toward making a major internationalization decision in terms of clock, event, stages, and cyclical concepts of time, we gain valuable but also varied insights about a complex process. We conclude that to understand any organization's process of international strategy formation at a certain point (or period) in time, its particularities need to be appreciated in some detail. While the details in this study are unique to the case of Harvard Business School's decision in 1971 to make its first FDI, we argue that the main features of the process are common to conceptualizing the internationalization decision process. As such, the findings should apply more generally.
Rygh, Asmund; Torgersen, Kristine & Benito, Gabriel R G (2022)
Institutions and inward foreign direct investment in the primary sectors
Purpose Well-functioning institutions are repeatedly claimed to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by reducing the costs and uncertainty of economic activity. Nonetheless, it has been argued that institutions may matter less for FDI in the primary sector. This study aims to theoretically and empirically investigate the role of institutions for attracting FDI in agricultural and in extractive activities. Design/methodology/approach This study uses worldwide country and sector-level data on inward FDI for the period 1996–2007. The key independent variables, property rights protection, corruption and democracy, are measured using World Bank Governance Indicators and Polity IV as data sources. Fixed effect panel regression, Tobit regression and generalized method of moments are used for data analysis. Findings The authors corroborate the importance of institutions for aggregate FDI. Disaggregating by primary subsector, the authors find that agricultural FDI, like aggregate FDI, is attracted by institutional features such as rule of law and property rights protection and democracy, whereas extractive FDI is not. The authors also find some evidence that corruption deters FDI in both primary subsectors. Originality/value The authors take a first step toward linking the largely empirical institutions-FDI literature more closely with the economics-based theoretical discussions of FDI risk grounded on a property rights approach, to discuss issues such as effective control rights over investments, which may vary between sectors. The authors also explore a novel idea that extractive activities may be less sensitive to institutions because the time horizon is limited by the depletion of the resource, resulting in an inherently relatively short-term commitment to a host-country location.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2022)
Governmental goals and the international strategies of state-owned multinational enterprises: A conceptual discussion
State owned multinational enterprises (SOMNEs) have received extensive attention in recent research in international business and corporate governance, which demonstrates effects of state ownership on a range of international strategic decisions such as the degree of internationalization, foreign entry modes, and host country location choices. Such effects are explained by factors such as SOMNEs’ non-financial goals, corporate governance, and institutional pressures. However, results are mixed and context-dependent, and overall we still have an incomplete understanding of what governments aim to achieve through SOMNEs, and how these goals in turn lead to different international strategies. This conceptual article aims to explore how specific government goals may affect international strategies. We provide a more fine-grained view on SOMNE financial and non-financial goals and link them to key international strategic decisions such as the degree of internationalization, entry and establishment modes, and host country location choice. We review and extend previous literature and identify novel theoretical arguments, leading to an extensive set of propositions. We also sketch ideas for empirical studies of SOMNE objectives.
Amdam, Rolv Petter Storvik & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2022)
Opening the black box of international strategy formation: How Harvard Business School became a multinational enterprise
This article addresses the question of why some business schools internationalize by establishing units abroad. We study their internationalization by examining the process that led to Harvard Business School’s first international strategy and its first foreign direct investment. The study elaborates how internationalization theories are applicable to research on the internationalization of business schools by exploring the role of environment and agency. The analysis shows that in an academic organization characterized as a loosely coupled system, individuals may influence the collective cognition in a strategy process by using new theoretical insights to conceptualize experiences and legitimize decisions. This demonstrates that agency is a multifaceted concept and its function depends on who has agency and how it is used. By exploring how a new academic discipline, international business, contributed both to the conceptualization and the legitimization of a new strategy, the study provides new insight into the process that leads to the formation of an international strategy.
Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G & Kang, Yuanfei (2021)
Multinational enterprise organizational structures and subsidiary role and capability development: The moderating role of establishment mode
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) develop structural configurations for managing their geographically dispersed and disaggregated activities. These structures can be classified as (a) simple headquarters configurations (involves corporate, regional, divisional headquarters and mandated units) involving few direct reporting relationships; (b) network organizations involving no direct reporting relationships; and (c) matrix configurations involving multiple reporting relationships. While these structures are built for handling various complexities and purposes, it is unclear how they influence subsidiary role and capability development. We hypothesize how these structures influence subsidiary development and propose a moderating role of MNE establishment mode on the direct structure-subsidiary development relationship. Based on data from 429 foreign subsidiaries in New Zealand, our results show that subsidiary development varies across the structures such that simple headquarters configurations experience the least opportunities to develop. While the matrix and network structures as complex configurations offer distinct paths to subsidiary development, subsidiaries managed under the former are more likely to follow the developmental path of networking and interunit learning, and the subsidiaries managed under the latter are more likely to follow the path of autonomy and innovation. Furthermore, the positive association of network structure with subsidiary initiatives and autonomy is stronger for greenfield subsidiaries, whereas the positive association of matrix structure with subsidiary mandates is stronger for acquired subsidiaries
Petersen, Bent; Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S (2021)
Foreign operation mode flexibility: tradeoffs and managerial responses
Firms’ ability to change foreign operation modes appears highly desirable in an increasingly volatile and unpredictable global environment. We propose and discuss mode flexibility as a management capability, with the aim at curbing the potential downsides of flexibility; in particular, the extra costs of coordination and contracting as well as revenue losses due to diminished partner commitment. We model the balancing and shifting of essential tradeoffs in relation to the two dimensions of mode flexibility – multiplicity and switchability – and highlight modularization and reciprocal use of real options as examples of tradeoff-shifting mechanisms that may improve the cost-benefit balance of mode flexibility.
Békes, Gabor; Benito, Gabriel R G, Castellani, Davide & Muraközy, Balazs (2021)
Into the unknown: The extent and boldness of firms' international footprint
Firms make footprints as they internationalize. Going beyond simple measures of firms' internationalization, we conceptualize and measure the extent of a firm's international footprint as the number of location-mode combinations it is active in, whereas the boldness of the footprint shows how widespread (across modes and locations) firms' international activities are, compared to other firms with similar extent. Extent describes the complexity of international activities, and boldness captures the risk-taking associated with operating in less know contexts. Consistent with a microfoundations lens on global strategy, we find that boldness correlates with managerial risk-taking attributes, while the extent of internationalization strongly correlates with capabilities conducive to managing more complex operations. These measures offer a highly suitable tool for analyzing the relationship between internationalization and performance.
Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G & Ahmad, Mansoor (2021)
Institutional distance and MNE-subsidiary initiative collaboration: The role of dual embeddedness
Entrepreneurial initiatives by subsidiaries are greeted as well as contested. We examine the effect of institutional distance between the host country of a subsidiary and the home country of its parent multinational enterprise (MNE) on the resource support a subsidiary receives from the MNE for its entrepreneurial initiatives. Drawing on social exchange theory, and resource dependence theory, we argue that while informal institutional distance inhibits MNE resource support for initiatives, and formal institutional distance further exacerbates the subsidiaries' options, external embeddedness and reverse knowledge transfers may help subsidiaries bypass the negative effects of institutional distance and encourage MNE involvement in subsidiary initiatives. Using survey data from 429 foreign subsidiaries in New Zealand, and secondary data on formal institutional distance from the Worldwide Governance Indicators, the results from structural equation modeling provide support to our hypotheses. This study extends institutional distance, embeddedness, and subsidiary initiative research. Importantly, it contributes by demonstrating how contingencies such as dual embeddedness and (low) formal institutional distance can counterbalance the negative effects of informal institutional distance on subsidiary initiatives and MNE-subsidiary initiative collaboration.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S. (2021)
Dynamics of Operation Modes: Switches and Additions.
Mellahi, Kamel; Meyer, Klaus, Narula, Rajneesh, Surdu, Irina & Verbeke, Alain (red.). The Oxford Handbook of International Business Strategy
This chapter takes stock of fifty years of research on mode dynamics—that is, the decisions to switch and add operation modes in a foreign country—as a central international business strategy phenomenon. Numerous studies have advanced knowledge about the various forms of mode dynamics and their underlying drivers, especially regarding mode switches. However, this review of the research also reveals that understanding of the phenomenon of mode additions needs further development. The chapter proposes a theoretical framework for understanding mode additions and provides the example of modularization as an illustration of a mechanism that may help improve the cost–benefit balance of mode switches and additions.
Aguzzoli, Roberta; Lengler, Jorge, Sousa, Carlos M.P. & Benito, Gabriel R G (2021)
Here we go again : a case study on re-entering a foreign market
Globalization has motivated firms to expand into foreign markets, but internationalization is inherently dynamic. Many firms have exited foreign markets for various reasons, but some later decide to re‐enter those same markets. Based on a case study of a Brazilian multinational's activities in Mexico, this study contributes to the literature on re‐entry decisions of multinational enterprises and their outcomes, focusing on the roles of institutional voids and the experiences of decision‐makers during such processes. The findings suggest that companies learn from their mistakes and reconsider how they approach re‐entry and the resources that may need to be mobilized. However, the learning process is not straightforward as it is clouded by international knowledge myopia. This study highlights how multiple actors and considerations influence re‐entry events.
Benito, Gabriel R G (2020)
De-Internationalization: The Other Side of Internationalization
Hitt, Michael A. (red.). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management
Surdu, Irina; Greve, Henrich R. & Benito, Gabriel R G (2020)
Back to basics: Behavioral theory and internationalization
International business (IB) scholars’ over-reliance on a select few theories leaves our understanding of firm internationalization incomplete. The behavioral theory of the firm (BTF) can offer new insights and can be used to model a broad range of firm actions. We focus on the three basic BTF components: problemistic search, learning by doing, and vicarious learning. These components help us understand why firm behaviors are more dynamic and heterogeneous than other theories allow. BTF, with its emphasis on how firms assess performance according to aspiration levels, selectively learn and update routines, and selectively incorporate the learning of others, is better suited to examine the diversity and change increasingly observed in internationalization decisions. We explain why scholars should move beyond “dynamizing” static theories and show BTF’s applicability to behaviors involving change such as multi-mode market entries and market re-entries. BTF also helps examine the decision to internationalize in the first place, nascent firm internationalization, location choices, international market adaptation, and headquarter–subsidiary relationships. We encourage IB scholars to use theories that can handle the complexity increasingly associated with modern firm growth, and propose BTF as a promising starting point.
Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G & Igoe, Josephine (2020)
Subsidiary country managers and subsidiary development: Upper echelons and resource-based perspectives
This article examines the relationship between subsidiary country manager-level factors and subsidiary development. As existing research on subsidiaries in multinational enterprises has focused on the organizational level, thus overlooking the individual level, it offers little insight regarding the role and importance of country managers for subsidiaries. Drawing upon upper echelons theory, resource-dependence theory, and the resource-based view, we argue that subsidiary development is contingent on country manager characteristics, and that country manager assignments are less likely when the host country is perceived as being of limited strategic importance to the multinational enterprise. Survey data from 429 foreign-owned subsidiaries in New Zealand provide support for our hypotheses. We derive some theoretical and managerial implications based on the findings.
Grøgaard, Birgitte; Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2019)
Bringing corporate governance into internalization theory: State ownership and foreign entry strategies
We use internalization theory to analyze the establishment and entry mode decisions of state-owned (SOE) and privately owned (POE) enterprises. We enrich internalization theory by building on insights from economic theory of corporate governance and taking into account particular characteristics of SOEs such as non-economic motivations, long-term orientation, and different risk preferences. We examine foreign entries over a 10-year period in the Canadian oil and gas industry. This single-country and single-industry context features foreign SOEs and POEs from a wide range of home countries, allowing a focused study of the combined influence of state ownership and home-country factors. Compared to POEs, SOEs tend to prefer acquiring stand-alone assets rather than firms, and to take lower ownership shares. We also find that differences between SOEs and POEs diminish when home countries are characterized by high government quality and market orientation and identify differences between types of SOEs, with partially owned SOEs exhibiting behaviors more similar to POEs than fully owned SOEs. We demonstrate how our enrichment of internalization theory strengthens its predictive and explanatory capacity. Our results also show that SOEs from strong and market-oriented institutional environments are similar to POEs and can be studied using the traditional internalization theory.
Lunnan, Randi; Tomassen, Sverre, Andersson, Ulf & Benito, Gabriel R G (2019)
Dealing with headquarters in the multinational corporation: a subsidiary perspective on organizing costs
In a research note in this issue, Strange and Humphrey discuss how a global value chain (GVC) approach serves to usefully move internalization theory towards a better understanding of the increasingly important ‘middle ground’ between markets and hierarchies in the contemporary highly globalized international business scene. After a brief recount of their main arguments, we argue that their discussion needs to the extended, as it does not adequately recognize important differences between internalization theory and the GVC approach. Specifically, the approaches differ on the notions of efficiency, opportunism, and level of analysis. We then argue that internalization theory can benefit from the systemic view implied in the GVC approach, and discuss the role of trust as a coordinating mechanism in international business. This leads to a more general discussion of internalization theory and the difficulty of encompassing dynamic considerations such as learning and foreign operation mode combinations and flexibility within value chain interdependencies. We conclude with a research agenda that flows from our discussion.
Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G, Toulson, Paul, Malik, Omer & Ahmad, Mansoor (2019)
Roles and strategies of foreign MNE subsidiaries in New Zealand
This study examines the roles and strategies of foreign-owned subsidiaries in New Zealand, with the aim to develop an improved classification of subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNE). Previous research has proposed a range of subsidiary classifications indicating various ways in which subsidiaries can be distinguished. There are, however, still concerns that critical contingencies, such as the subsidiary development capacity and its own strategy, remain ignored. This study addresses these gaps by drawing on network theory to develop a novel and overarching subsidiary classification framework. Based on the framework, it empirically derives a three-part subsidiary classification: entrepreneurial, constrained autonomous, and constrained. The empirical classification is based on data from 429 foreign subsidiaries in New Zealand. Implications for theory, public policy, and management practice are made.
Isaac, Victor Ragazzi; Borini, Felipe Mendes, Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa & Benito, Gabriel R G (2018)
From local to global innovation: The role of subsidiaries' external relational embeddedness in an emerging market
We draw on a social network perspective to explain multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) propensity to distribute their operations unevenly across various regions of the world. We focus on how the positioning of MNEs in their domestic network of strategic alliances affects their geographic scope, i.e., whether they concentrate on their home region or expand beyond it. We theorize that embeddedness in alliance networks constitutes a double-edged sword to the geographic scope of MNEs. Strong embeddedness in domestic alliance networks drives the development of location-bound firm-specific advantages (FSAs), which may narrow down MNEs’ geographic scope. In contrast, moderate embeddedness leads to more non-location-bound FSAs, which reduce liability of foreignness, and hence motivate MNEs to widen their geographical scope. We thus predict a non-linear relationship between domestic alliance network embeddedness and MNE geographic scope. Furthermore, the impact of the domestic alliance network on MNE geographic scope hinges on the organizational ability to efficiently and effectively absorb resources stemming from the network. We test our hypotheses using FDI data from 302 US MNEs in the information and communication technology industry for the period of 2001–2008, and generally find robust support for the hypothesized relationships.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2018)
Capital Structure of Foreign Direct Investments: A Transaction Cost Analysis
Transaction cost theory (TCT) plays a major role in theorizing about the boundaries of the multinational enterprise (MNE), and is increasingly being applied to intra-MNE governance. We apply TCT to capital structure decisions for MNE subsidiaries. According to TCT, equity and debt are not just financial instruments, but alternative governance structures. Equity is useful for projects involving specific assets that do not serve well as collateral, and for knowledge intensive activities where information asymmetry and public good issues make external financing more costly. We study under what conditions MNE headquarters may wish to partially re-introduce market mechanisms inside the MNE through the use of external or internal debt to finance subsidiaries. This can allow economizing on governance costs and strengthen subsidiary manager incentives, but may be inappropriate if subsidiary assets are MNE-specific or subsidiary-specific. Empirically testable propositions are developed.
Paul, Justin & Benito, Gabriel R G (2017)
A Review of Research on Outward Foreign Direct Investment from Emerging Countries, Including China: What Do We Know, How Do We Know and Where Should We Be Heading?
Using the Antecedents, Decisions and Outcomes (ADO) format as an organizing framework, this article gives an overview of the literature on different dimensions and characteristics of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by firms from emerging countries. Based on an extensive coverage of studies published over a period of nearly 25 years between 1993 and 2017, we review extant research on this phenomenon from mainly China, as well as other emerging countries. We identify advances and analytical areas of OFDI research and pinpoint the key theories, methodologies, observed characteristics and the variables that have been examined in this growing research literature. Many areas of the above research themes remain underexplored, despite recent significant advancements, and may provide directions for future research
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2017)
Domestic Alliance Formation and the Foreign Divestment Decisions of Firms
Petersen, Bent; Pedersen, Torben & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2006)
The Termination Dilemma of Foreign Intermediaries: Performance, Anti-Shirking Measures and Hold-Up Safeguards
Advances in International Marketing, 16, s. 317- 339.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Tomassen, Sverre (2005)
A transaction cost analysis of staffing decisions in internationaloperations
Scandinavian Journal of Management, s. 101- 126.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Pedersen, Torben & Petersen, Bent (2005)
Export Channel Dynamics: An Empirical Examination
Managerial and Decision Economics (MDE), 26(3), s. 159- 173.
Gripsrud, Geir & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2005)
Internationalization in Retailing: Modeling the Pattern of Foreign Market Entry
Journal of Business Research, 58(12), s. 1672- 1680.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2005)
Divestment and international business strategy
Journal of Economic Geography, 5(2), s. 235- 251.
This paper deals with divestment, i.e., the closure or sell-off of units in foreign locations, or conversely units owned by foreign firms. Such actions are discussed from the perspective of the firms making such decisions, and divestment assessments are looked at through the lens of international business strategy. Based on the integration-responsiveness framework of international business strategy, it is argued that the divestment propensities of foreign subsidiaries depend on the type of strategy pursued by the corporation. Subsidiaries of transnational corporations are in general likely to display the highest divestment rates. Whereas subsidiaries forming part of international and multi-domestic strategies may have the lowest divestment likelihood initially, subsidiaries established as part of a global strategy are expected to be the least probable to be divested in the longer run.
Karlsen, Tore; Silseth, Pål Rasmus, Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S (2003)
Knowledge, internationalization of the firm, and inward-outward connections
Industrial Marketing Management, 32(5), s. 385- 396.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Berger, Eivind, Forest, Morten de la & Shum, Jonas (2003)
A cluster analysis of the maritime sector in Norway
International Journal of Transport Management, 2(1), s. 203- 215.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Tomassen, Sverre (2003)
The Micro-Mechanics of Foreign Operations’ Performance: An Analysis Based on the OLI Framework
J. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds.): International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm: Developing the OLI Framework
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Grøgaard, Birgitte & Narula, Rajneesh (2003)
Environmental influences on MNE subsidiary roles: economic integration and the Nordic countries
Journal of International Business Studies, 34, s. 443- 456.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Larimo, Jorma, Rajneesh, Narula & Pedersen, Torben (2002)
Multinational enterprises from small economies: Internationalization patterns of large companies from Denmark, Finland and Norway
International Studies of Management and Organization, 32(1), s. 57- 78.
Welch, Lawrence S; Benito, Gabriel R G, Silseth, Pål Rasmus & Karlsen, Tore (2002)
Exploring inward-outward linkages in firms’ internationalisation: A knowledge and network perspective
Lundan, Sarianna M. (red.). Network Knowledge in International Business
Pedersen, Torben; Petersen, B. & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2002)
Change of foreign operation method: Impetus and switching costs
International Business Review, 11, s. 325- 345.
Gripsrud, Geir & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2001)
Promotion of products from developing coutries : an overview and assessment of import promotion efforts
Trade and investment in a globalising world/ed. by Rajneesh Narula
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Strøm, Øystein (2000)
Chain strategies and modes of foreign market penetration in agribusiness
Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 11(2), s. 1- 21.
Petersen, Bent; Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Pedersen, Torben (2000)
Replacing the foreign intermediary: motivators and deterrents
International Studies of Management and Organization, 32(1), s. 57- 78.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2000)
Industrial clusters and foreign companies' centres of excellence in Norway
The Emergence and Impact of MNC Centres of Excellence
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Pedersen, Torben & Petersen, Bent (1999)
Foreign operation methods and switching costs: conceptual issues and possible effects
Scandinavian Journal of Management, 15, s. 213- 229.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Gripsrud, Geir (1999)
Promoting efforts from developing countries: An empirical test of the impact of import promotion offices
The international trade journal, 13(2), s. 187- 209.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. (1998)
Utviklingen av norske direkte utenlandske investeringer
Globalisering - drivkrefter og konsekvenser. BI årbok 1998
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Pedersen, T., Petersen, B. & Larimo, J. (1998)
Change of foreign operation method: Impetus and switching costs
Internationalization and Foreing Direct Investment Behavior in OECD and Asian Countries
Tomassen, S.; Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Welch, L.S. (1998)
Norwegian companies in India: Operation mode choice
Asian Journal of Business & Information Systems, 3(1), s. 1- 19.
Benito, Gabriel R G (1997)
Why are foreign subsidiaries divested? A conceptual framework
Björkman, Ingmar & Forsgren, Mats (red.). The Nature of the International Firm
Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S (1997)
De-internationalization
Management International Review (MIR), 37, s. 7- 25.
Benito, Gabriel R G (1997)
Divestment of foreign production operations
Applied Economics, 29(10), s. 1365- 1377.
Benito, Gabriel R G (1996)
Utenlandsk eierskap i norsk næringsliv
Reve, Torger (red.). Eierskap og kapital som konkurransefaktor
Benito, Gabriel R G (1996)
Konsekvenser av nasjonalt og utenlandsk eierskap i norsk industri
Økonomi & politik, 69(1), s. 33- 45.
Benito, Gabriel R G (1996)
Ownership structures of Norwegian foreign subsidiaries in manufacturing
The international trade journal, 10(2), s. 157- 198.
Benito, Gabriel R G & Gripsrud, Geir (1995)
The internationalization process approach to the location of foreign direct investments: An empirical analysis
Green, Milford & MacNaughton, Rod (red.). The Location of Foreign Direct Investment: Geographic and Business Approaches
Gripsrud, Geir & Benito, Gabriel R G (1995)
Promoting imports from developing countries: A marketing perspective
Journal of Business Research, 32(2), s. 141- 148.
Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S (1994)
Norwegian companies in Eastern Europe: Past involvement and reaction to recent changes
Buckley, Peter J. & Ghauri, Pervez (red.). The Economics of Change in East and Central Europe: Its Impact on International Business
Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S (1994)
Foreign market servicing: Beyond choice of entry mode
Journal of International Marketing, 2(2), s. 7- 27.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Solberg, Carl Arthur & Welch, Lawrence S (1993)
An exploration of the information behaviour of Norwegian exporters
International Journal of Information Management, 13(4), s. 274- 286.
Benito, Gabriel R G & Gripsrud, Geir (1992)
The expansion of foreign direct investments: Discrete rational location choices or a cultural learning process?
Journal of International Business Studies, 23(3), s. 461- 476.
Benito, Gabriel R G & Biong, Harald (1991)
Handel med Øst-Europa: Norske bedrifters erfaringer
Praktisk økonomi og ledelse, 7(1), s. 109- 117.
Mors, Marie Louise; Laursen, Keld & Benito, Gabriel R G (2018)
The untold story: Teaching cases on multinational enterprises in US business schools and the rise of International Business as a new academic field, 1955-1963
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference 2021.
Andersson, Ulf; Benito, Gabriel R G, Lunnan, Randi & Tomassen, Sverre (2020)
The Puzzling Effects of Social Integration on Knowledge Transfer
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Annual Conference, Virtual, October 2020.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2019)
Objectives and international strategies of state-owned multinational enterprises: A theoretical perspective
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy.
Békes, Gabor; Benito, Gabriel R G, Castellani, Davide & Muraközy, Balazs (2019)
Into the unknown: Complexity and risk in firms’ international footprints
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2019)
Mode Flexibility: What Are the Tradeoffs and How to Deal with Them?
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business Annual Conference.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2019)
The Internationalization of State-Owned Enterprises: How do Politically Stated Goals Matter
Adarkwah, Gilbert Kofi & Benito, Gabriel R G (2019)
Dealing with high risk environments: Multinational firms in developing countries
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business UK & Ireland 2019 Chapter Conference.
We discuss why multinational firms continue to invest billions of dollars in host countries characterized by severe policy uncertainty and lack of market-supporting institutions, as evidenced by the increasing flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into Africa. We argue that multinational firms that expand into developing countries replete with institutional voids do not have a special appetite for risk. Rather, they reduce risk through a variety of mechanisms that potentially alleviate and offset the risks of investing in developing countries. Specifically, we describe and discuss the following key types of arrangements: International Investment Agreements (IIAs) negotiated between the home country and the host country, home country backed International Investment Insurance (III), Investment Contracts (IC), and Portfolio Investment Guarantees (PIG).
Lunnan, Randi; Tomassen, Sverre, Andersson, Ulf & Benito, Gabriel R G (2018)
The down side of social integration: A discussion of precarious HQ-subsidiary relations and knowledge transfer
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business Annual Meeting.
Petersen, Bent; Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S. (2018)
Can real options shift the commitment-flexibility tradeoff in international franchising?
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Special Conference.
Békes, Gabor; Benito, Gabriel R G, Castellani, Davide & Muraközy, Balazs (2018)
Managing in the unknown: How governance characteristics shape firms’ internationalization
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G (2018)
IB theories and the digital economy: What should be on our research agenda?
[Academic lecture]. World Investment Forum 2018.
Grøgaard, Birgitte; Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2018)
Bringing corporate governance into internalization theory: Foreign entry of state owned enterprises
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S. (2018)
Understanding mode dynamics and flexibility
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Zilja, Flladina; Benito, Gabriel R G, Boustanifar, Hamid & Zhang, Dan (2018)
CEO personal wealth and cross-border acquisitions
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business Annual Meeting.
Tomassen, Sverre; Lunnan, Randi, Andersson, Ulf & Benito, Gabriel R G (2017)
The Dark Side of Social Integration: Knowledge Transfer, Bargaining, and Social Integration Mechanisms
[Academic lecture]. SMS Special Conference Banff.
Lunnan, Randi; Tomassen, Sverre, Benito, Gabriel R G & Andersson, Ulf (2017)
The Darker Side of Social Integration: A Discussion of Bargaining Costs and Knowledge Transfer
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Békes, Gabor; Benito, Gabriel R G, Castellani, Davide & Muraközy, Balazs (2017)
Explaining the Complexity of Foreign Operations: The Role of Managerial and Governance Characteristics
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G (2017)
When do Companies Locate their Corporate Headquarters Abroad?
[Popular scientific article]. EIBAzine, s. 7- 9.
Amdam, Rolv Petter Storvik & Benito, Gabriel R G (2017)
Timing and history. Harvard Business School and the development of a strategy for first international entry
[Academic lecture]. SMS Annual Conference.
Amdam, Rolv Petter Storvik & Benito, Gabriel R G (2017)
When do organizations internationalize? The development of Harvard Business School’s first international strategy 1950-1972
[Academic lecture]. EBHA Annual Conference.
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2016)
Domestic Alliance Networks and the Foreign Divestment Decisions of Firms
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2016)
Domestic Alliance Networks and the Foreign Divestment Decisions of Firms
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business Northeast Chapter Conference.
Lunnan, Randi; Tomassen, Sverre, Andersson, Ulf & Benito, Gabriel R G (2016)
A Subsidiary Perspective on Organizing Costs in Multinational Corporations: The Roles of Distance, Coordination and Relationship
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business Annual Conference.
Lunnan, Randi; Tomassen, Sverre, Andersson, Ulf & Benito, Gabriel R G (2016)
Governance and the Roles of Distance, Coordination, and Relationship Atmosphere in the MNC: A View from the Periphery
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2016)
Domestic Alliance Networks and the Foreign Divestment Decisions of Firms
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Annual International Conference.
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
Domestic alliance network structures, absorptive capacity, and regional strategies of MNEs (ISC Best Paper Award nominee, Honorable mention)
[Academic lecture]. The 6th Israel Strategy Conference.
Andersson, Ulf; Tomassen, Sverre & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
Management Costs Incurred by Headquarters Choice of Foreign Operation Method
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G & Rygh, Asmund (2015)
Foreign Direct Investment and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Firm Ownership
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Annual Conference.
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
Domestic alliance networks and regional strategies of MNEs: A structural embeddedness perspective (Finalist SMS Best Conference Paper and Best PhD Paper Prize)
[Academic lecture]. The 35th Annual International Conference of the Strategic Management Society (SMS).
Iurkov, Viacheslav & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
Domestic alliance networks and regional strategies of MNEs: A structural embeddedness perspective
[Academic lecture]. The 7th Research School Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Rygh, Asmund & Lunnan, Randi (2015)
Internationalization-performance relationship: The moderating roles of state and foreign ownership
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business 2015 Annual Meeting.
Grøgaard, Birgitte; Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
SOE strategic behavior when entering competitive host markets
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business 2015 Annual Meeting.
Grøgaard, Birgitte; Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
SOE strategic behaviour when entering competitive host markets
[Academic lecture]. Reading-UNCTAD International Business Conference 2015.
Rygh, Asmund; Torgersen, Kristine & Benito, Gabriel R G (2015)
Competing for international investment: Institutional determinants of FDI inflows in the primary sectors
[Academic lecture]. 1st International Competitiveness Management Conference.
Andersson, Ulf; Benito, Gabriel R G & Lunnan, Randi (2014)
Costs and Performance Implications from HQs Intervention in Subsidiaries’ Affairs
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Annual International Conference.
Grøgaard, Birgitte; Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2014)
When in Rome? An empirical examination of SOE strategic behavior when entering a competitive host market
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2014)
An empirical examination of a transaction cost explanation of FDI capital structure
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2014)
An empirical examination of a transaction cost explanation of FDI capital structure
[Academic lecture]. Annual Strategic Management Society Conference.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2014)
An empirical examination of a transaction cost explanation of FDI capital structure
[Academic lecture]. 1st WU Paper Development Workshop.
Petersen, Bent; Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S. (2013)
Foreign Operation Mode Flexibility and its Cost-Benefit Tradeoffs
[Academic lecture]. Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management - EURAM.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Lunnan, Randi & Tomassen, Sverre (2013)
The virtue of in-between pragmatism – A balancing act between responsiveness and integration in a multinational company
[Academic lecture]. Advances in International Management (AIM) Workshop “Orchestration of the Global Network Organization”.
Rygh, Asmund; Torgersen, Kristine & Benito, Gabriel R G (2013)
Institutional determinants of FDI inflows in the primary sectors
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Rygh, Asmund & Lunnan, Randi (2013)
Ownership, internationalization and performance
[Academic lecture]. European International Business Academy Annual Conference.
Rygh, Asmund; Torgersen, Kristine & Benito, Gabriel R G (2013)
Institutional determinants of FDI inflows in the primary sectors
[Academic lecture]. Annual Strategic Management Society Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Rygh, Asmund & Lunnan, Randi (2013)
Ownership, internationalization and performance
[Academic lecture]. Annual Strategic Management Society Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Rygh, Asmund & Lunnan, Randi (2013)
Ownership, internationalization and performance
[Academic lecture]. 12th Vaasa International Business Conference.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2013)
Capital structure of foreign direct investments: A transaction cost analysis
Capital structure of foreign direct investments: A transaction cost analysis
[Academic lecture]. Reading-UNCTAD International Business Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Dovgan, Olesya, Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2012)
Offshore Outsourcing: A Dynamic Operation Mode Perspective
[Academic lecture]. SMS Annual Conference.
Petersen, Bent; Benito, Gabriel R G & Welch, Lawrence S (2012)
The dark side of dynamic capabilities: On foreign operation mode flexibility and cost-benefit tradeoffs
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Rygh, Asmund & Benito, Gabriel R G (2012)
Capital structure of foreign direct investments: A transaction cost analysis
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Tomassen, Sverre; Benito, Gabriel R G & Lunnan, Randi (2011)
Governance costs in foreign establishment modes: A MNC headquarters puzzle
[Academic lecture]. AIB Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2011)
Mode combinations and international operations: Theoretical issues and an empirical investigation
[Academic lecture]. AIB Annual Conference.
Lunnan, Randi; Benito, Gabriel R G & Tomassen, Sverre (2011)
Foreign location and relocation of headquarter activities over time
[Academic lecture]. SMS Annual Conference.
Tomassen, Sverre; Benito, Gabriel R G & Lunnan, Randi (2011)
Governance costs in foreign establishment modes: A MNC headquarters puzzle
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Dogvan, Olesya, Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2011)
Offshore outsourcing: A dynamic, operation mode perspective
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G (2010)
Mode Combinations and International Operations: Theoretical Issues and an Empirical Investigation
[Report]. Center for Strategic Management and Globalization, Copenhagen Business School.
Benito, Gabriel R G (2010)
Norwegian Outward FDI and its Policy Context
[Report]. Columbia FDI Profiles.
Lunnan, Randi; Benito, Gabriel R G & Tomassen, Sverre (2009)
Leaving the Periphery: The Location of Division Headquarters among Large Norwegian Companies, 2000-2006
[Academic lecture]. The second IB conference at Reading.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2009)
Towards more Realistic Conceptualisations of Foreign Operation Methods: Challenges to Existing Treatments
[Academic lecture]. AIB, Academy of International Business Annual Conference.
Tomassen, Sverre & Benito, Gabriel R G (2009)
Governance Costs in Headquarter-Subsidiary Relationships
[Academic lecture]. SMS Conference 2009, Washington DC.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2008)
"Towards more Realistic Conceptualisations of Foreign Operation Methods: Challenges to Existing Treatments", International Business and the Catching-up Economies: Challenges and Opportunities
[Academic lecture]. 34th EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Lunnan, Randi, Tomassen, Sverre & Listra, Enn (2008)
Leaving the Periphery: The Location of Division Headquarters among Large Norwegian Companies, 2000-2006", International Business and the Catching-up Economies: Challenges and Opportunities
[Academic lecture]. 34th EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent & Welch, Lawrence S (2008)
Managing the Internalisation Process – A Theoretical Perspective
[Academic lecture]. Academy of International Business Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Lunnan, Randi & Tomassen, Sverre (2008)
Leaving the Periphery: The Location of Division Headquarters among Large Norwegian Companies, 2000-2006
[Academic lecture]. Strategic Management Society Annual MeetingAnnual Meeting.
Benito, Gabriel R G; Lunnan, Randi & Tomassen, Sverre (2008)
Leaving the Periphery: The Location of Division Headquarters among Large Norwegian Companies, 2000-2006
[Academic lecture]. Nordic Workshop in International Business.
Tomassen, Sverre; Benito, Gabriel R G & Lunnan, Randi (2008)
Leaving the Periphery: The Location of Division Headquarters among Large Norwegian Companies, 2000-2006
Fra operativ til strategisk internasjonalisering: En studie av store norske selskapers utflytting av divisjonshovedkontorer
[Report]. Handelshøyskolen BI.
Tomassen, Sverre & Benito, Gabriel R.G. (2005)
The Costs of Governance in International Companies: A Study of their Effects on the Performance of Foreign Operations
[Academic lecture]. 31st Annual EIBA Conference.
Grünfeld, Leo A.; Benito, Gabriel R G, Goldeng, Eskil le Bruyn & Weltzien, Åsmund (2004)
The Inferior Performance of State Owned Enterprises: Is it due to Ownership of Market Structure?
[Report]. NUPI.
We analyze differences in performance between private companies (PCs) and state owned enterprises (SOEs), with an emphasis on the effects of market structure. We use a panel covering all registered companies during the 1990s in Norway, a country where SOEs play an important role in regular markets. Return on assets as well as costs measures are used as measures of performance in models that investigate markets where SOEs and PCs actually compete with each other. Although market shares and concentration affect performance, ownership identity still explains most of the inferior performance among SOEs.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Pedersen, Torben & Petersen, B. (2004)
The termination dilemma of foreign intermediaries: Performance, anti.shirking measures and hold-up safeguards
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Petersen, B., Asmussen, C.G. & Welch, Lawrence S (2004)
From entry modes to foreign market configuration
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conferenc.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Grøgaard, Birgitte (2004)
The internationalization patterns of Norwegian firms: Does industry matter?
[Academic lecture]. AIB Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Bonache-Pérez, Jaime, Pla-Barber, José & Tomassen, Sverre (2003)
A Transaction Cost Analysis of Staffing Decisions in International Operations
[Academic lecture]. 29th Annual EIBA Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Gripsrud, Geir (2002)
Internationalization in Retailing: Explaing The Pattern of Foreign Market Entry
[Academic lecture]. EIBA Annual Conference.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Berger, Eivind, Forest, Morten de la & Shum, Jonas (2000)
Den maritime sektor i Norge sett i et klyngeperspektiv
[Report]. Handelshøyskolen BI.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Pedersen, T. & Petersen, B. (2000)
Export channel dynamics: An empirical analysis of changes in the organization of foreign distribution
[Academic lecture]. The EIBA Annual conference.
Benito, Gabriel R.G. & Strøm, Ø. (1998)
Chain strategies and modes of foreign market penetration in the food sector
[Academic lecture]. 3rd International Conference on Chain Management in Agribusiness and the Food Industry.
Benito, Gabriel R.G.; Petersen, B. & Pedersen, T. (1998)
Replacing the foreign intermediary: Motivators and deterrents
[Academic lecture]. The Challenge of Globalization - ANZIBA Annual Conference.
Academic Degrees
Year
Academic Department
Degree
1995
Norwegian School of Economics, NHH
Ph.D Dr. Oecon.
1992
Norwegian School of Economics, NHH
Master Cand. Merc.
1985
BI Norwegian Business School
Master of Science in Business
Work Experience
Year
Employer
Job Title
2018 - Present
BI Norwegian Business School
Research Professor
2024 - 2024
INCAE
Professor
2015 - 2018
Henley Business School, University of Reading
Visiting Fellow
1999 - 2018
BI Norwegian Business School
Professor
2007 - 2011
University of Agder
Adjunct Professor
2003 - 2005
Copenhagen Business School
Visiting Professor
2002 - 2003
University of Valencia
Visiting Professor
1997 - 1999
BI Norwegian Business School
Associate Professor
1998 - 1998
University of Melbourne
Visiting Research Scholar
1995 - 1996
Copenhagen Business School
Research Associate Professor
1994 - 1995
BI Norwegian Business School
Assistant Professor
1992 - 1994
Østfold University College
Assistant Professor
1989 - 1991
NIM Norwegian Institute for Research in Marketing
Research Fellow
1986 - 1988
FMD Norwegian Fund for Market and Distribution Research
Research Associate
1986 - 1986
Norwegian School of Economics, NHH
Teaching Assistant
1985 - 1986
NSD Norwegian Data Services for the Social Sciences